Secretariat TPR |
WT/TPR/S/297/REV.1 |
S-IV§62 |
Mongolia |
2014 |
Sectors |
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Energy |
Relevant information
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It has been stated that: "The revenues generated by existing power stations are less than the overall costs required to generate energy which is why power stations are heavily indebted. As a result, the Mongolian energy sector is not particularly attractive in terms of new investment. At present, the Mongolian Government has neither a framework in place, nor strategies or incentive mechanisms to encourage energy efficiency and energy savings. In most cases, the actors in the energy sector, industrial users and end users are not fully aware of how they can save energy and be more efficient."
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Secretariat TPR |
WT/TPR/S/358/REV.1 |
S-IV§62 |
Brazil |
2017 |
Sectors |
General environmental reference |
Energy |
Relevant information
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During the review period, Brazil retained its position as the world's second-largest producer and exporter of ethanol as output grew from 23.5 million m3 to 30.2 million m3 and exports slowed down (2012-2014) before rising by 33.6% in 2015. In 2016, the total number of sugar-ethanol mills was estimated at 378 units; PETROBRAS is a shareholder in 11 units which processed about 40 million tons per year of sugarcane during the review period. In the 2012/13 harvest, they produced 1 billion litres of ethanol. In its Strategic Plan 2017–2021, PETROBRAS foresees a regression of its biofuels production. The market share of PETROBRAS in Brazilian ethanol production is quite insignificant. The ethanol fuel industry remained dependent on sugar output, support and pricing developments as well as petrol prices subsidization over recent years (see below and Section 4.2.3.1.3).
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Secretariat TPR |
WT/TPR/S/324 |
S-IV§62 |
Southern African Customs Union (SACU): Namibia |
2015 |
Sectors |
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Forestry |
Relevant information
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Namibia had a forest area of around 7.3 million ha in 2010 (down from 7.7 million ha in 2005), 8.9% of its total land area; it had about 8.3 million ha of other wooded land (8.5 million ha in 2005). Namibia's forests contain 210 million metric tons of carbon in living forest biomass (221 million metric tons in 2005). Namibia has some 1,066 known species of amphibians, birds, mammals and reptiles, of which 4.5% are endemic and 3.1% are threatened.
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Keywords
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Forest
Bio
Endangered
Wildlife
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Secretariat TPR |
WT/TPR/S/329 |
S-IV§62 |
Morocco |
2015 |
Sectors |
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Mining |
Relevant information
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In 2015, a new Mining Code was adopted to replace the 1951 legislation. The principal measures introduced by this law are as follows:
(...)
• requirement of an environmental impact assessment and an abandonment plan to protect the environment and ensure sustainable development.
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Secretariat TPR |
WT/TPR/S/355/REV.1 |
S-IV§62 |
Switzerland and Liechtenstein |
2017 |
Sectors |
General environmental reference |
Energy |
Relevant information
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Finally, the law shortens and simplifies approval procedures for new installations for the production of electricity from renewable sources. Thus, from now on, the submission of expert assessments from, for example, the Federal Commission for the Protection of Nature and Cultural Heritage, will be subject to a time-limit. Meanwhile, if there is a conflict of interests between the protection of nature and the landscape and their use for the production of renewable energies and if a court of law is required to decide between the two, both concerns – protection and use – will in future be granted the status of national interest and be given equal value when weighed against each other.
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Keywords
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Secretariat TPR |
WT/TPR/S/362 |
S-IV§62 |
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2017 |
Sectors |
General environmental reference |
Energy |
Relevant information
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The electrification rate remains low, at around 19%, with 60% in urban areas and 3% in rural ones. Load shedding and random power cuts are often used to ration supplies. The total installed power of Burkina Faso's generating plant amounts to 250 MW, of which 32 MW is provided by hydroelectric and 218 MW by thermal power stations. A large proportion of the electricity consumed in Burkina Faso is imported, in particular from Côte d'Ivoire, but also from Ghana and Togo (Table 4.4). This shortage of electricity acts as a drag on the country's economic activity.
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Keywords
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Secretariat TPR |
WT/TPR/S/351/REV.1 |
S-IV§62 |
Japan |
2017 |
Sectors |
General environmental reference |
Energy |
Relevant information
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As illustrated by Table 4.11 and Chart 4.4, Japan is highly dependent on imports for all its fossil fuels; this has a bearing on its long-term strategy on energy mix. This strategy is detailed in the 4th Strategic Energy Plan of Japan , published in April 2014 under the framework of the Basic Law on Energy Policy of 2002 (Act No. 71), the first such plan after the Fukushima accident and the Great East Japan Earthquake in 2011. It establishes four basic principles, known as the 3E+S, namely stable supply (energy security), cost reduction (economic efficiency), environment, and safety. Its aim is to build a multi-layered and diversified flexible energy demand/supply structure. It was complemented in July 2015 by another document issued by the Government, the Long-term Energy Supply and Demand Outlook. The total primary energy supply targets/forecasts for 2030 were established by this document: a primary energy supply share of 10-11% for nuclear energy, slightly inferior to that prior to the nuclear accident; a slight decline of coal and gas; a considerable decrease of oil (from 45% to 30%); and a considerable increase of renewable energies (from 2% to 13 to 14%). In absolute terms and based on a hypothesis of yearly growth of 1.7%, the total primary energy supply is expected to decrease slightly. On the demand side the relative share of electricity versus primary energies is expected to increase slightly from 25% to 28.5%, while the total demand for energy is projected to decrease by about 10%.
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Keywords
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Energy
Environment
Renewable
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Secretariat TPR |
WT/TPR/S/303/REV.2 |
S-IV§62 |
Sierra Leone |
2017 |
Sectors |
Other measures |
Energy |
Relevant information
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Sierra Leone is a pilot country in the UN Sustainable Energy for All (SEFA) initiative.
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Keywords
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Secretariat TPR |
WT/TPR/S/373 |
S-IV§62 |
Norway |
2018 |
Sectors |
Other environmental requirements |
Fisheries |
Relevant information
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The fishing sector can be divided into commercial fishing (i.e. wild catch) and aquaculture. The commercial fishing sector is dependent on yearly quota allocations that are in turn dependent on the stocks and conservation policies. Most of these stocks are shared with neighbouring countries. There are a number of fish species in Norway's wild catch sector, but the most significant in recent years are cod, herring and mackerel. (...)
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Keywords
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Conservation
Fish
Wildlife
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Secretariat TPR |
WT/TPR/S/232/REV.1 |
S-IV§62 |
Chinese Taipei |
2010 |
Sectors |
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Services |
Relevant information
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Under the DDA negotiations, Chinese Taipei's revised conditional offer in services includes new and improved commitments on environmental services
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