Secretariat TPR |
WT/TPR/S/398/REV.1 |
S-4§93 |
Zimbabwe |
2020 |
Sectors |
Other environmental requirements |
Energy |
Relevant information
|
4.93. Under Zimbabwe's ethanol programme, mandatory blending of petrol was first introduced in 2011, with a 5% blending requirement of ethanol from sugarcane; the ratio currently stands at 20% of ethanol, subject to availability. The company Green Fuel manages about 9,000 ha of sugarcane for ethanol production (about 56 million litres in 2018-19). The company Triangle Sugar produced about 23 million litres of ethanol as a by product of sugar production. The ethanol production is purchased by the registered oil companies, some of which are licensed to do the blending, although the NOIC also carries out blending.
|
Keywords
|
|
|
Secretariat TPR |
WT/TPR/S/401/REV.1 |
S-Summary§28 |
Indonesia |
2020 |
Sectors |
Income or price support, Other measures |
Energy |
Relevant information
|
28. Indonesia remains dependent on imports of hydrocarbons and electricity to cover its energy consumption needs. Policy objectives include achieving security in the domestic energy supply by reducing gasoline dependency and increasing the use of renewable energy sources. (...) The state-owned limited liability oil and gas company expanded its scope to include gas, renewables and upstream operations, both within Indonesia and abroad. FDI participation in oil and gas upstream activities is subject to limitations. (...) Significant changes to the fuel subsidy policy, allowing for considerable reduction in the entire energy subsidy bill, were made; at present, subsidies keep retail prices for three fuels below world market level: gasoline (distribution costs compensation); diesel (fixed subsidy); and kerosene (fixed price).
|
Keywords
|
|
|
Secretariat TPR |
WT/TPR/S/401/REV.1 |
S-Summary§29 |
Indonesia |
2020 |
Sectors |
Other support measures |
Energy |
Relevant information
|
29. (...) Domestic support to new and renewable energy sources was prioritized, to achieve the targeted energy mix. Action was taken to address issues relating to the regulatory framework on electricity tariffs and pricing from renewable energy sources. The 2008 mandatory policy of a biodiesel mixture of fatty acid methyl ester (FAME) from palm oil into fuel oil intensified, to, inter alia, meet renewable energy targets and reduce diesel consumption.
|
Keywords
|
|
|
Secretariat TPR |
WT/TPR/S/401/REV.1 |
S-3§73 |
Indonesia |
2020 |
Measures |
Investment measures, Other measures |
Energy |
Relevant information
|
3.73. During the review period, Indonesia continued to use local content requirements (LCRs) to protect and develop domestic industries. (...) power generation (varying levels on goods and services used in power plants, including steam, hydroelectric, geothermal (with a combined value of minimum local contents in goods and services varying from 28.95% to 42%, depending on the development capacity), gas, solar (60% in solar modules and 100% in services, since 2019), and in the transmission and distribution network);
|
Keywords
|
|
|
Secretariat TPR |
WT/TPR/S/401/REV.1 |
S-Table-3.8 |
Indonesia |
2020 |
Measures |
Export licences |
Energy, Mining |
Relevant information
|
Table 3.8 Export restrictions and licensing, 2012 and 2020
(...)
Product: Class C minerals other than sand, soil and topsoil
Rationale and Requirements: Rationale: to minimize environmental damage caused by uncontrolled mining, and to prevent illegal exports. (...)
(...)
Product: Oil and gas
Rationale and Requirements: Rationale: (i) sovereignty (Constitution, Article 33(3)); (ii) sustainable and efficient management of oil and gas as non-renewable natural resources; (iii) prevention of excessive exploitation and environmental damage; (iv) ensure the exploitation of these resources contributes to the prosperity and welfare of the Indonesian people; (...)
|
Keywords
|
Environment
Soil
Natural resources
Renewable
Sustainable
|
|
Secretariat TPR |
WT/TPR/S/401/REV.1 |
S-4§2 |
Indonesia |
2020 |
Sectors |
|
Energy |
Relevant information
|
4.2. (...) A new form of production-sharing contract, based on gross production split, replaced the 2008 cost recovery scheme. Significant changes to the fuel subsidy policy allowed for considerable reduction in the entire energy subsidy bill. The scope of the electricity subsidy was also reduced, thus lowering the subsidy amount disbursed; electricity tariffs continue to differ, depending on the end-user, thus retaining a cross-subsidization element. Action was taken to address new and renewable energy source challenges, including electricity tariffs and pricing, and the mandatory biodiesel policy.
|
Keywords
|
|
|
Secretariat TPR |
WT/TPR/S/401/REV.1 |
S-4§95 |
Indonesia |
2020 |
Sectors |
General environmental reference |
Energy, Mining |
Relevant information
|
4.95. (...) The Ministry of Energy and Mineral Resources (MoEMR) remains in charge of policy making and implementation, through its directorates with specific responsibilities, including the Directorate General of Mineral and Coal (DGMC), the Directorate General of Oil and Gas (DGOG), Directorate General of Electricity (DGE), and the Directorate General of New and Renewable Energy and Energy Conservation (DGNREEC). Other ministries and agencies, including the MoF, BAPPENAS, the Ministry of SOEs, and the MoEF, remain involved in various areas of the sector. The MoEMR also manages relevant activities of the state owned utilities and energy service companies, and conducts research relevant to mandated energy goals. The Coordinating Ministry of Economic Affairs and the Coordinating Ministry for Maritime Affairs (CMMA) also have jurisdiction over mining and coal energy projects.
|
Keywords
|
Conservation
Energy
Renewable
|
|
Secretariat TPR |
WT/TPR/S/401/REV.1 |
S-4§110 |
Indonesia |
2020 |
Sectors |
General environmental reference |
Energy |
Relevant information
|
4.110. During the review period, Indonesia remained dependent on energy imports to cover its consumption needs. Total primary energy supply rose by 20%, from 1.2 million barrels of oil equivalent (BOEs) (2013) to 1.5 million BOEs (2018), and its mix (excluding biomass) changed, with oil, gas and hydropower being overtaken by coal, renewables and biofuels. As at 2018, it consisted of oil (38.81%), coal (32.97%), gas (19.67%), hydropower (2.74%), geothermal (1.78%), solar (0.02%), wind (0.03%), other renewables (2.03%), biofuel (1.94%) and biogas (0.01%), compared to 2013 figures of oil (48.13%), coal (24.79%), gas (22.12%), hydropower (3.15%), geothermal (1.25%), and biofuel (0.56%). Final energy consumption continued to considerably outstrip supply, and rose by 10.9% from 844,527 BOEs (2013) to 936,332 BOEs (2018); in 2018, its allocation by type of energy mainly consisted of fuel (38.8%), electricity (18.7%), biodiesel (13.1%), and coal (11.6%), whereas by type of consumer it mainly was transportation (45.06%), industry (33.51%) and households (14.76%). To meet its 2018 energy consumption needs, Indonesia imported 349,201 BOEs, of which 47.4% was petroleum fuel, 32.4% crude oil, 13.6% liquefied natural gas (LNG), and 6.6% coal and electricity (Section 4.2.2.2).
|
Keywords
|
|
|
Secretariat TPR |
WT/TPR/S/401/REV.1 |
S-4§111 |
Indonesia |
2020 |
Sectors |
General environmental reference |
Energy |
Relevant information
|
4.111. Under the 2014 National Energy Policy (Kebijakan Energi Nasional, KEN), a comprehensive policy covering both the supply and demand sides, the authorities aimed at achieving security of the domestic energy supply by reducing gasoline dependency and increasing the use of renewable energy. It also addresses: the availability of energy to meet the nation's requirements; energy development priorities; the utilization of national energy resources; and national energy buffer reserves. The KEN sets a clear target of the share of each type of primary energy, from 2025 to 2050, as follows: new and renewable energy (NRE) at least 23% in 2025 and 31% in 2050; oil less than 25% in 2025 and 20% in 2050; coal at least 30% in 2025 and 25% in 2050; and gas at least 22% in 2025 and 24% in 2050. The RPJMN 2015-19 was, inter alia, aimed at achieving energy sovereignty by utilizing domestically available energy resources (gas, coal and hydropower), as well as fulfilling energy demand by prioritizing the development of renewable energy (Section 2.2.2). The National General Energy Plan (Rencana Umum Energi Nasional, RUEN), consisting of a cross sectorial strategy and an implementation plan to achieve the 2014 KEN objectives, was issued in March 2017. The RUEN sets out the results of the energy demand-supply modelling until 2050, and the policies and strategies to be undertaken to achieve those targets. Under the RUEN, the Government seeks to re-emphasize energy use as a driver of the national economy. The RUEN's objectives include ensuring universal access to affordable, reliable and modern energy services; increasing the electrification ratio to 100% by 2020; construction of biogas infrastructure (preparing a roadmap to achieve biogas production of 47.4 million standard cubic feet per day by 2025 for the household sector); accelerating the substitution of oil fuel with gas in the household sector; and developing a city gas network for 4.7 million household connections by 2025. It also serves as a reference for central and local governments, SOEs and other stakeholders to contribute to improving national energy security and equitable access to energy. The RUEN, which is coordinated by the National Energy Council, is to be reviewed every five years, or whenever there are changes to the fundamentals of the KEN or strategic energy policies.
|
Keywords
|
|
|
Secretariat TPR |
WT/TPR/S/401/REV.1 |
S-4§141 |
Indonesia |
2020 |
Sectors |
Other support measures |
Energy |
Relevant information
|
4.141. During the review period, very significant changes to Indonesia's fuel subsidy policy were made. (...) Since 2014, falling energy prices and substantial reforms have allowed significant reduction in the entire energy subsidy bill. (...)
|
Keywords
|
|
|