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(...)As from 2018, under the aegis of the committee formed for the purposes of graduation, the Government and the private sector have started to explore options available to a graduated LDC to pursue preferential exports. These options include schemes providing preferential treatment equivalent to that for LDCs, e.g. the EU GSP+ programme. However, several eligibility conditions, including the ratification of some 27 conventions, inter alia, relating to core human and labour rights, and environmental and governance principles, need to be met.

The importation of certain goods (...) into North Macedonia is prohibited for reasons related mainly to the protection of national security, public morals, the environment, health, endangered species, and national treasures of artistic, historical or archaeological value.

(...)EAC countries face various socio-economic challenges despite their favourable conditions for agriculture, their important sources of renewable energy, and their total population of over 168.2 million.

New developments since 2012 in the area of taxation include:
(…)
f. the introduction of an environmental tax on imports of used tyres in December 2017 (Section 3.1.3.11).

(...) According to the latest notification, there were eight anti dumping measures in place as at 31 December 2018, of which four applied to China (...), one to Argentina (biodiesel), one to India (...), one to Pakistan (...) and one to the United States (biodiesel).

(...)Seven percent of the forests are protected, with the majority (4%) protected for ecosystem and recreational reasons, based on International Union for Conservation of Nature classification categories. Less than 0.5% of Canada's forests are harvested each year.

During the period under review, 15 new technical regulations entered into force or were revised, for:
(...)
renewable energy systems – thermal solar systems and components – solar collectors – Part 1: General Requirements (2012).

(...)Artisanal mining is exempt from the payment of the labour profit share, royalties, advance royalties and conservation licence fees.

Sectoral initiatives that complement the National Agrarian Policy include: the National Crop Plan (to provide guidance to economic agents involved in crop farming at the national level); the Crop Information System (to monitor the sowing of prioritized products); the National Livestock Development Plan (PNDG) (which includes an Animal Genetic Improvement Programme and a Cultivated Pasture Installation Programme); (...) There are also initiatives to modernize irrigation infrastructure nationally; (...) to study the effects of climate change on agriculture through the Technological Research Laboratory on Climate Change for the Agrarian Sector; (...).

(...)The authorities indicated that there was no direct subsidy from the Government to the sub-sector. There is however some cross-subsidization, as low consumers (up to 50 kWh monthly) are charged at rates below the production cost. In July 2018, the electricity tariffs were reviewed (for the first time since 2013) to account for the growing importance of renewable energy and accommodate a KES 11 billion increase in revenue requirement by KPLC. (...)ERC reviewed its feed-in tariffs policy in 2012 to include energy from renewable sources (geothermal, solar, and bio gas generated electricity). (...)A Renewable Energy Auctions Policy was developed and would be used to procure solar and wind projects above 10MW; it is yet to be approved.