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1. Madagascar has strong potential for economic growth thanks to its young and growing population, strategic geographical position, biodiversity and diverse natural resources. However, the Malagasy economy suffered a series of external and internal shocks during the review period (2015 24), including natural disasters, the COVID-19 pandemic and disruptions to global supply chains.

4. Madagascar ratified the Agreement on Trade Facilitation in 2016 and the Protocol Amending the TRIPS Agreement in 2017 but has not yet ratified the WTO Agreement on Fisheries Subsidies. (...)

12. Growth in the agricultural sector has been impacted by climate shocks, disruption to global supply chains and input price inflation (...).

14. Biomass (wood for cooking and heating) dominates the energy mix, with disastrous consequences for deforestation. In terms of "formal" energy sources, refined oil and coal, both imported, come before electricity, which is largely generated by hydropower. (...)

19. Madagascar has exceptional tourist attractions, with its unique flora and fauna, its landscapes and its rich history. However, the tourism sector suffers from the remoteness of outbound markets, (...).

1.1. The island of Madagascar is rich in biodiversity and characterized by a high level of endemism (80%) in terms of flora and fauna [1] . (...) [1] Convention on Biological Diversity (2024), Fifth National Report to the Convention on Biological Diversity - Madagascar.(...). The report states that Madagascar is home to 5% of the world's biodiversity; the endemism rate is an average rate calculated using the endemism rates for over 15,000 species of fauna and more than 13,000 species of terrestrial and marine flora.

1.2. Despite its recent efforts, Madagascar faces structural constraints (infrastructure gaps, natural disasters [2], and underdeveloped financial and governance systems) that disrupt the economy and hinder its development and competitiveness. (...) The rate of deforestation is increasing, with 44% of natural forests having been lost since the 1950s, endangering endemic species. [2] Madagascar's geographical location makes it vulnerable to weather events such as cyclones, storms and floods. According to Germanwatch, Madagascar, with a score of 34.67, ranked twelfth globally among the countries most affected by climate shocks between 2000 and 2019. (...)

1.8. (...) A World Bank study shows that gender disparities persist in terms of human capital development and access to economic opportunities, with these gaps further exacerbated by the impacts of climate change and the COVID-19 pandemic.

1.9. (...) The COVID-19 pandemic, combined with various natural disasters (a string of cyclones), caused job losses and income declines among urban households, pushing urban poverty to 55.5% in 2022. (...)

2.33. From the public sector, the PDPP [Public-Private Dialogue Platform] includes the President of the Republic, who is also the chair of the Platform, the Prime Minister, and Ministers representing various sectors, such as land use, (...) trade, tourism, energy, technical education, the environment, arts and crafts, telecommunications and population. (...)