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Table 3.12 CCL and USML
(…)
USML
Category Products
(…)
XIV Toxicological agents, including chemical agents, biological agents, and associated equipment
(…)

The OPIC is authorized to do business in more than 160 developing and post-conflict countries. (…) The OPIC has a statutory requirement to ensure that its supported projects are established and maintained in accordance with internationally recognized worker rights standards. It has also elaborated an Environmental and Social Policy Statement, designed to ensure that supported projects are environmentally and socially sustainable. [182]

[182] Following a review initiated in 2015, OPIC management approved a revised Environmental and Social Policy Statement on 7 January 2017. (...)

(...) The Catalog of Federal Domestic Assistance (CFDA) lists all federal financial (and non-financial) assistance programmes – many, if not most, related to public health and safety, the environment, education, infrastructure, community assistance, and research and development - using a five-digit classification to identify and sort around 2,300 programmes. On 23 May 2018, the CFDA was migrated to the website https://beta.SAM.gov, where the search engine is now referred to as "Assistance Listings". According to a database maintained by SelectUSA, some 108 federal programmes and incentives exist specifically to promote small businesses, provide support to existing or prospective exporters, and assist enterprises with regulatory compliance.

Table 3.16 Federal subsidy programmes (non-agriculture), 2015-16
(US$ million)
Programmes Type of subsidy Expenditure
FY2015 FY2016
Energy and fuels
(...)
Renewable Energy Resources Co-financing 105.7 56.7
Energy Conservation Programs – Transportation Sector Co-financing 120.0 127.8
Energy Conservation Programs – Building Technologies Office Co-financing 17.1 19.6
Energy Conservation – Advanced Manufacturing Co-financing 56.0 51.0
(...)
Other energy and fuels
(...)
Biodiesel and Renewable Diesel Credit Income and excise tax concession and direct payments 1,940.0 2,680.0
(...)
Credit for Holding New Clean Renewable Energy Bonds Income tax concession 100.0 100.0
Credit for Holding Qualified Energy Conservation Bonds Income tax concession 70.0 70.0
(...)
Expensing and Seven-Year Amortization for Reforestation Expenditures Income tax concession 50.0 60.0

Table 3.18 Government corporations, 2018
Government corporation Legal reference Area of operation
(…)
International Clean Energy Foundation 42 U.S.C. 17352 Foreign assistance for greenhouse gas reduction

The United States also utilizes science and technology (S&T) agreements as frameworks for increased international collaboration, by facilitating cooperation between U.S. technical agencies and foreign counterparts, on topics including (…) environment and biodiversity protection, (...) alternative energy.

(...) focused on support to producers of staple commodities (maize, soybeans, wheat, cotton, sugar, rice, and dairy), modern farm bills are much wider in scope, and address a range of issues such as revenue and price support, crop insurance, credit, disaster relief, conservation, research, bioenergy, horticulture and organic farming, rural development, nutrition, food aid, and trade. (...)

4.6. (...) Countercyclical payments on historical base were replaced by the option to enrol in one of two programmes tied to historical base, either a price-based countercyclical income support programme – the Price Loss Coverage (PLC) – or a revenue-based countercyclical income support programme – the Agricultural Risk Coverage (ARC). (...) The Farm Bill also sought to rationalize various conservation programmes.

The Bipartisan Budget Act introduced new disaster relief measures in response to losses stemming from natural disasters in 2017. The 2017 Wildfires and Hurricanes Indemnity Program (2017 WHIP) covered crop, tree vine, and bush losses in area hit by wildfires and hurricanes, compensating producers for their individual losses up to 95% (for those with crop insurance) or 65% (for non-insured farmers), retroactively from 1 January 2017. In return, the beneficiaries are obliged to purchase insurance for the next two available crop years. (...) Finally, the Act authorized US$400 million to fund the Emergency Conservation Program, a programme providing assistance for repairs due to natural disasters or water conservation measures in response to severe drought.

Primary energy consumption amounted to nearly 98 quadrillion British thermal units (Btu) in 2017 (Chart 4.4). About 80% of the demand was covered by the combustion of fossil fuels, while 20% was met by renewable energy or nuclear electric power. (…) Among such fuels, the most significant trends over the last 50 years have been a steady rise in the production of natural gas and, from 2008, a decline in the consumption of coal. Primary energy consumption peaked in 2007, and then fell as a result of the economic downturn. However, the subsequent economic recovery has not led to a similar rebound in energy demand, as the economy has become ever more energy efficient. (...)

Federal and state agencies manage a range of incentives, notably tax credits, to encourage investment in renewable energy. Tax credits have also been available for purchases of energy-efficient appliances and for energy efficiency upgrades of residential buildings since 1978.