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Montenegro ranked 72nd out of 136 economies (five points lower than in 2016) in the World Economic Forum's Travel and Tourism Competitiveness Index 2017; (…) environmental sustainability (49th place), and it lowest rankings were for natural resources (90th place) (...) [190] (...)

[190] The index incorporates such indicators as (...) environmental sustainability, (...) natural resources (...)

During the review period, several tourism-related policies have been in place and continue to be implemented by Montenegro Ministry of Sustainable Development and Tourism. Montenegro's Tourism Development Strategy to 2020, adopted in 2008, is focused on five strategic objectives, inter alia, involving: (...) creating the institutional and legal framework for successful and sustainable development; (...)

(...) To address the growing impact on climate change, the National Strategy for Sustainable Development to 2030 intends to develop sustainable tourism through (1) optimal use of natural resources by implementing strategies mitigating climate change effect on economic development, reducing greenhouse gas emissions and passing to a low-carbon economy; (...) (3) ensuring sustainable, long-term economic business activities, with the aim of achieving socio-economic benefits for citizens. [197] (...)

[197] National Strategy for Sustainable Development, p. 113.

The main legislation governing the tourist sector remains the Law on Tourism (OG No. 61/10), as amended in 2011 (OG Nos. 40/11 and 53/11) and 2014 (OG No. 31/14). (…) [199] A new draft Law on Tourism and Hospitality focuses on sustainable development, harmonization with environmental protection and its resources, and the reduction of the impact of climate change and adherence to the principle of a low-carbon economy. (...)

[199] Information provided by the authorities and Ministry of Sustainable Development and Tourism online information

Nepal aims to sustainably utilize its rich energy potential by building on its success in solving the energy crisis during the review period. In the recent past, Nepal had experienced power shortage which slowed development activities. However, at present, the end to load shedding has been officially declared. The Government is focusing its efforts on developing and expanding hydroelectricity and all types of renewable energy to provide clean energy to all households within the next three years and avail smooth electricity supply across Nepal within the next five years. Accordingly, the Government has set forward a target to increase per capita electricity consumption up to 1,500 kilowatt hour (kWh) within the next 10 years by transforming consumption and distribution pattern so as to minimize the need for fossil fuels. To achieve these ambitions, it plans to produce 3000 megawatt (MW), 5000 MW and 15000 MW hydroelectricity within the next 3, 5 and 10 years, respectively, out of the economically feasible 43,130 MW, through public and private investment in small, medium and large hydroelectricity projects.

Ministry of Energy, Water Resources and Irrigation launched a white paper in May 2018 with an aim to (…) deliver sustainable, reliable and clean energy to people. The white paper has stated Government's plan to amend Electricity Act and Nepal Electricity Authority Act and formulate the Renewable Energy Development Act. Immediate set up of Electricity Regulation Commission under the Electricity Regulation Commission Act, 2017 is planned. The white paper also incorporates 'One Province, One Mega Project' strategy with an aim to build a mega hydro or solar project in each of the seven provinces.

During the review period, the Agriculture Development Strategy (ADS) was brought with a vision for (...) sustainable (…) agricultural sector that drives economic growth and contributes to improved livelihoods and food and nutrition security. (…)

The Government also has plans to work with private sector to establish organic fertilizer, chemical fertilizer, pesticides and agriculture equipment factories to facilitate supply of agricultural inputs as well as industries based on herbal and forest materials. (...)

Continuing its efforts to make industrial policy relevant and supportive of industrial development, Nepal introduced Industrial Enterprises Act, 2016 to further simplify and clarify procedures for entry, operation and exit of industrial enterprises as well as introduce much-needed reforms. (...) Industrial Policy, 2010 guides Nepal's overall policy related to the industrial sector. Its objectives are to (...) , make industrial enterprises sustainable and dependable through application of innovative and environment-friendly technology, (...) Industrial Policy, 2010 is supported by the Industrial Enterprises Act, 2016 which replaced Industrial Enterprises Act, 1992. Some salient features of the Act are: tax incentives, concession and benefits of VAT and custom duties, facilities to acquire land, provisions ensuring no nationalisation of industries, and creation of a single window service for foreign investors. The Act has provided various fiscal incentives to industries, including, an effective tax rate of 16% for almost all manufacturing industries and 25% discount on export income from export of goods.

(…) Nepal also prohibits the export of certain goods for various policy objectives, and about 100 products are subject to export duties on grounds of environmental protection, (…)