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As a candidate country for membership of the European Union, Montenegro indicated that it would implement the acquis regarding energy by accession. (…) the Commission said that careful attention should be paid to the timely build-up of oil stocks, developing the means to implement energy efficiency requirements and developing the programme to align with nuclear safety acquis.

In the context of its accession process, work is being undertaken, inter alia, to: (…) partially implement provisions on the acquis relating nuclear safety and radiation protection (even though Montenegro does not currently have a gas market or produce/use nuclear energy [56]; (...) ; sign and ratify key international conventions, and address radioactive waste disposal. Montenegro is also harmonizing its laws and regulations with the EU legal framework on energy efficiency.

[56] In January 2017, the Ministry of Economy announced a public debate on the Gasification Master Plan, with a report on the strategic assessment of the environmental impact. (...)

Electricity generation is dominated by Elektroprivreda Crne Gore (EPCG AD), which used to be a vertically integrated monopoly, carrying out generation, transmission, distribution and supply activities. The State owns nearly 99% of the shares in this company. Zeta Energy DOO, an electric service company, was established in 2010 to generate renewable energy. (...) There are six other privately-owned electricity generating companies (five hydro and one wind). Solar producers and one new wind energy producer are about to enter the electricity generation market.

Although hydropower already provides two thirds of Montenegro's total energy production, only 17% of the theoretical hydropower potential has been exploited so far. According to the Energy Strategy, the theoretical potential of large-scale hydropower on Montenegro's main rivers amounts to 9,846 GWh, plus 800-1,000 GWh/year on smaller rivers. Montenegro has a wind potential of 100 MW in high wind speed areas, with wind speeds above 7 m/s. (...) The potential for solar energy in Podgorica is approximately 1,600 kWh/m². [69]

[69] Currently, there is no complete data available on how much solar energy (photovoltaic PV) is used on the territory of Montenegro but it is clear that it plays only a very minor role in the Montenegrin electricity production sector. The strategic objective and future strategy of Montenegro is more supportive to the development of solar thermal heating and cooling than utilization of solar energy for electricity production. PV is also not exploited in Montenegro because of high investment costs.

Electricity from renewable sources is supported through a feed-in tariff. The operators of plants that generate electricity from renewable energy sources can obtain the interim status of a privileged producer or the status of a privileged producer. Every year in January, a new unit fee for encouraging the production of energy from renewable sources is adopted. Every electricity customer pays a fee that will be used to encourage electricity generation from renewable sources in addition to the electricity price. Under the Energy Law and the Tariff System Decree, the feed in-tariff varies, depending on the type of electricity produced in plants using renewable energy sources (€9.60/kWh for wind power plants; €13.71/kWh for power plants using solid biomass from forestry and agriculture; €12/kWh for power plants using solar energy on buildings and engineering constructions; €9/kWh for power plants using solid waste; €8/kWh for power plants using waste gas; and €15/kWh for power plants using biogas). Incentive prices for electricity generated in small hydropower plants are determined depending on the net power output of the power plant, with incentive prices ranging from €6.8/kWh to €10.44/kWh.

In May 2017, a wind power plant in Krnovo launched trial electricity production. (…) The wind park, whose construction began in May 2016, is one of the largest facilities of that type in the region. The contract for this project was concluded between the Government and the Akuo-Ivicom consortium. For the first 12 years, the price of the electricity generated by the wind farm is guaranteed, and it will not be less than €95.99 per MW/h. Additionally, 34 contracts on concessions for the construction of Small Hydro Power Plants are being implemented, of which 12 have been completed.

(…) Montenegro's schedule of specific commitments does not contain any sector specific limitations on market access or national treatment under any of the four modes of supply. [78] (…)

[78] Exceptions relate to: (…) (h) certain environmental services (...)

For maritime transport services, an additional commitment guarantees the supply of various port services on reasonable and non-discriminatory terms and conditions to suppliers of international maritime transport services. [81] (…)

[81] These services are: (...) garbage collecting and ballast waste disposal; (...)

Montenegro's Transport Development Strategy 2008 to 2018 sets out the Government's vision for the sector and the framework for the adoption of strategic decisions. (…) The Strategy's stated mission is to develop Montenegro's transport system to: (…) minimize harmful impacts to the environment (...)

In 2015, work commenced on the first segment of a major highway project which will ultimately join the Montenegro's seaport at Bar with Boljare at the border with Serbia. (…) With respect to the other sections of the Bar-Boljare highway, the preparation of the preliminary designs and environmental and social impacts will be undertaken (to be started in 2018) (...)