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Montenegro is a member of the FAO's General Fisheries Commission for the Mediterranean (GFCM). [25] (…)

[25] The stated official objective of the GFCM is "to ensure the conservation and the sustainable use, at the biological, social, economic and environmental level, of living marine resources as well as the sustainable development of aquaculture in the Mediterranean and in the Black Sea". (...)

Legal and regulatory reforms are underway to comply with the EU Common Fisheries Policy (CFP). In this regard, a strategy and an action plan for compliance were adopted in 2015. The strategy focuses on: (…) sustainable fisheries and aquaculture; (...) Key steps to be taken include: alignment with the CFP and the Mediterranean Regulation; strengthened data collection; alignment with the EU's Fleet Policy; fisheries control measures (related to traceability, data certification and catch certificates); (...) ratification of the UN Convention Relating to the Conservation and Management of Straddling Fish Stocks and Highly Migratory Fish Stocks; (...)

(…) Montenegro has adopted various tools to combat illegal fishing. [31]

[31] These tools include: satellite systems to follow vessels; the creation of a register of fishing vessels; and the automatic identification of fishing vessels. In 2016, three vessels were seized (two Albanian and one Italian). Sanctions were applied and the vessels were reported to the GFCM.

Table 4.6 Support to the fisheries sector, 2015-16
Programme title Objectives Beneficiaries Budget 2015 (€) Budget 2016 (€)
(…)
Improvement of the marine fisheries sector Creation of conditions for the maintenance and preservation of fish/other marine organisms Companies and persons registered in the CRCC 30,000 0
Sustainable management and preservation of resources of fish and other marine organisms Funding to: assess fish resources in order to set catch quotas; create fishery sea safe zones; reduce illegal fishing; and maintain and improve the Fishery Information System and the Satellite Monitoring System for vessels Institute of Marine Biology; IT experts and mobile service providers 61,000 64,000
Measures for improvement of freshwater fisheries Support to estimate available fish resources in freshwater fishery waters; (...) Faculty of Natural Science of the University of Montenegro and fishing stock beneficiaries 24,000 29,000
(...)

The aim of the Business Zones Development Project is to attract investment and increase employment, particularly in less developed areas of the country, and to overcome regional disparities. (...) Incentives offered to enterprises engaged in non-polluting light industry within the zones are set out in Section 3.3.1.2, Table 3.7.

The legal framework governing the sector is the Law on Mining (OG No. 65/08 as amended by 74/10) and the Law on Geological Exploration (OG Nos. 28/93, 27/94, 42/94, 26/07, 28/11) and their various by-laws. According to the authorities, the Law on Mining is completely harmonized with (...) the Directive 85/337/EEC (amended by Council Directive 97/11/EC) on the assessment of effects of certain public and private projects on the environment.

As set out in the Law on Mining, Montenegro's mineral wealth [39] is owned by the State. It may only be exploited by business companies (foreign and local) under conditions as set out in the Law, involving a concession contract and the payment of a fee. (...) Companies exploiting mineral resources must simultaneously carry out additional geological explorations to update reserves in the field being exploited. (...)

[39] mineral resources include: natural gases; radioactive mineral resources; geothermic waters used to obtain (...) geothermal energy, (...)

Table 4.9 Energy production, 2012-16
Production 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016
Electricity (total) (GWh) 2,844 3,809 3,038 2,872 3,023
- solar .. .. 1.9 2.1 ..
- hydro 1,477 2,498 1,716 1,460 1,807
(…)
Fuelwoods and other (total) (m3)
- firewood (m3) 749,280 711,818 726,164 757,705 754,632
- wood residue (m3) 93,667 85,589 71,438 83,681 83,290
- wood chips (t) 10,240 10,419 14,882 15,393 15,585
- wood briquettes (t) 380 335 190 66 70
- wood pellets (t) .. .. 1,375 17,012 22,952

The Ministry of Economy, with its three Directorates, for Energy, Energy Efficiency and Mining and Geological Research, is the policy-making body for the energy sector. (…) Various other ministries have energy-related responsibilities. [42]

[42] The Ministries of (...) Sustainable Development and Tourism, (...) Environmental Protection Agency (...) are stakeholders in the energy sector and have specific responsibilities within their respective fields of activity (...)

The Energy Regulatory Agency (ERA) is responsible for policy implementation in the energy sector in the areas of electricity, oil, gas and petroleum. (…) It is autonomous in its exercise of its functions, which include the authority to: issue tariff methodologies, fix tariffs upon the proposal of energy sector undertakings; set connection costs; issue licensing rules and licences [43] (...)

[43] As specified by the Law on Energy (OG Nos. 5/16 and 51/17), the ERA, (...) ii) issues guarantees of origin for electricity generated from renewable energy sources or high-efficient cogeneration, iii) designates the status of privileged generator of electricity from renewable energy sources, (...)