Secretariat TPR |
WT/TPR/S/367/REV.1 |
S-IV§18 |
Egypt |
2018 |
Sectors |
Other measures |
Agriculture |
Relevant information
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The second type of land expansion mode, vertical expansion, consists in increasing the per unit productivity of the land. This includes:
• The development of salt-tolerant and drought-resistant crop varieties to face the problems associated with climate change (rise in temperature in the Middle East and North Africa region). The authorities consider that the development of highly salt tolerant varieties is necessary for the reuse of wastewater, as well as for the expansion of the use of marginal land with high salinity, as is the case of the horizontal expansion lands in North Sinai;
The production of short-life varieties, to reduce water consumption on the one hand, and increase crop intensification rates on the other hand. In this respect, the authorities consider that where more than two crops can be grown per year water is saved for horizontal expansion;
(...)
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Keywords
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Climate
Waste
Natural resources
Water
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Secretariat TPR |
WT/TPR/S/367/REV.1 |
S-IV§20 |
Egypt |
2018 |
Sectors |
Non-monetary support, Other support measures |
Agriculture |
Relevant information
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With respect to water management, the goal is to improve water use by rationalizing it, particularly by lowering water utilization in agriculture, which currently represents some 85% of Egypt's water consumption. One of the SADS' goals is to lower the ratio of total (sustainable) water consumption from 107% in 2015 to 100% in 2020 and 80% in 2030. [3] The SADS also aims at reducing the percentage of loss in water transfer networks from the current 15% to less than 5% by 2030. Another goal is achieving water conveyance efficiency levels ranging from 70% to 80% and water distribution efficiency levels of between 50% and 60% by 2030. The Farm-Level Irrigation Modernization Project, a national programme for rationalizing water use in agriculture, is currently being implemented jointly by the MALR and the Ministry of Water Resources and Irrigation. The Ministry of Water Resources and Irrigation established the programme in 1987, which was implemented in cooperation with USAID and the World Bank. The Farm-Level Irrigation Modernization Project aims at achieving an equitable distribution of water, and timely access to water resources in the quantity needed. The savings in water due to the implementation of the project are estimated at about 15% of the amount of water used in agriculture. This is achieved through, for instance, the improvement and development of canals, setting up irrigation branches and water installations, the formation of water user associations, and the levelling of land with laser equipment. The water thus saved is intended for use in the reclamation and cultivation of new lands. The project also aims to achieve an increase of between 10% and 25%, depending on the crop, in the productivity of crops in the project area. The Farm-Level Irrigation Modernization Project currently works on an area of about 560,000 feddans in 11 districts in different governorates.
[3] This ratio shows the total volume of fresh water consumed by humans (agriculture, industry, and home) as a percentage of total renewable fresh water resources available for the State. SADS 2030, Environmental Dimension (Ninth Pillar). Viewed at: http://sdsegypt2030.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/ 10/10.-Environment-Pillar.pdf.
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Keywords
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Natural resources
Sustainable
Conservation
Renewable
Water
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Secretariat TPR |
WT/TPR/S/367/REV.1 |
S-IV§33 |
Egypt |
2018 |
Sectors |
General environmental reference |
Fisheries |
Relevant information
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(...) In order to achieve the above-mentioned goals, the GAFRD has deployed a five-axis policy, which consists of: (...) (d) the development of resources by increasing the productivity of lake and Nile waters via the release of fish fry and the depollution of waters; (...)
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Keywords
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Natural resources
Pollution
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Secretariat TPR |
WT/TPR/S/367/REV.1 |
S-IV§34 |
Egypt |
2018 |
Sectors |
Other environmental requirements |
Fisheries |
Relevant information
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The General Authority for Fish Resources Development (GAFRD) has also identified a number of challenges faced by the fishing industry. These challenges include: overfishing, in particular in the Mediterranean Sea; competition for the use of waters with other economic sectors; pollution; enforcement of national and international fishing rules; non-utilization so far of the resources of the Egyptian Exclusive Economic Zone; endemic disease; and lack of financial resources for further aquaculture projects. To take into account those challenges, a general overhaul of the basic fishing legislation, which dates back to 1984, is under examination in the Parliament. The main features of this legislative reform include: (a) tightening overfishing penalties to protect fish stocks – in case of illegal fishing, the Captain of the fishing vessel may face imprisonment of up to two years or/and shall pay a fine of between LE 10,000 and LE 200,000; and (b) irrigation of fish farms and granting them the right to use fresh water.
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Keywords
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Secretariat TPR |
WT/TPR/S/367/REV.1 |
S-IV§35 |
Egypt |
2018 |
Sectors |
Ban/Prohibition |
Fisheries |
Relevant information
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The Hurghada Declaration was signed in June 2009 with the purpose of combatting over fishing in Egypt's Red Sea. This declaration of principles seeks to ban all trawling in the Red Sea with the exception of the area north of the Gulf of Suez and in the south of the Red Sea. It also seeks to establish "no-take" zones, which are areas free of fishing activity. The Hurghada Declaration was formulated and signed by the Hurghada Environmental Protection and Conservation Association (an independent NGO) in cooperation with the Governorates of the Red Sea, South Sinai, and Suez, along with the Ministries of Agriculture and Environment. Reflecting these goals and policies, and as a first step, Egypt has ceased to deliver licences for vessels using trawlers in this zone.
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Keywords
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Fish
Conservation
Environment
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Secretariat TPR |
WT/TPR/S/367/REV.1 |
S-IV§36 |
Egypt |
2018 |
Sectors |
Other support measures |
Fisheries |
Relevant information
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In the fisheries subsidies negotiations in the WTO, Egypt has stated that it is in favour of further technical work and of linking the results of the negotiations to those of other subjects, be they in the context of the Negotiating Group on Rules (anti-dumping, subsidies and regional trade agreements) or in the wider context of the Doha Development Agenda (agriculture, NAMA and services). The authorities have noted that Egypt is committed to prohibit certain forms of fisheries subsidies, which contribute to overcapacity and overfishing.
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Keywords
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Secretariat TPR |
WT/TPR/S/367/REV.1 |
S-IV§37 |
Egypt |
2018 |
Sectors |
General environmental reference |
Energy |
Relevant information
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(...) The primary fuel mix of Egypt's energy sector for the same year was: gas (53%), oil (41%), hydroelectric (3%), coal (2%), and solar and wind (1%). (...)
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Keywords
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Secretariat TPR |
WT/TPR/S/367/REV.1 |
S-IV§39 |
Egypt |
2018 |
Sectors |
General environmental reference |
Energy |
Relevant information
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The Government is continuing its efforts to increase Egypt's electrical generation and distribution capacity through a combination of new investments and of regulatory reforms opening and partially unbundling the sector, with particular attention to renewable energies. (...)
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Keywords
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Secretariat TPR |
WT/TPR/S/367/REV.1 |
S-IV§40 |
Egypt |
2018 |
Sectors |
General environmental reference |
Energy |
Relevant information
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Energy is considered the second pillar of the 2016 "Sustainable Development Strategy: Egypt Vision 2030" which includes ten such pillars. Some of the main objectives set by this Strategy with respect to energy are: ensuring energy security for Egypt; maximizing the utilization of domestic energy resources; reducing the intensity of energy consumption; changing the energy mix by relying more on renewable energy sources, especially wind and solar power; initiating a legislative reform aimed at encouraging private sector participation in the renewable energy business; encouraging the use of coal in electricity generation or as an alternative fuel for some industries; building at least one nuclear power plant; encouraging the adoption of technological solutions and applications to rationalize energy consumption and to optimize the exploitation of available energy resources; and promoting the use of sustainable and environmentally friendly technologies. The Strategy aims at reducing greenhouse gas emissions from the energy sector by 5% between 2016 and 2020, and by 10% by 2030.
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Keywords
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Climate
Energy
Sustainable
Renewable
Environment
Green
Emissions
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Secretariat TPR |
WT/TPR/S/367/REV.1 |
S-IV§57 |
Egypt |
2018 |
Sectors |
General environmental reference |
Energy |
Relevant information
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Faced with increasing demand, the Government is intent on expanding installed capacity and plans to practically double the electricity generation capacity by 2027 to reach 73.1 GW. To this end, it signed in March 2015, a contract with the German firm Siemens to install a total of 16.4 GW of thermal and renewable capacity at a total cost of US$6.7 billion. Most of this additional capacity will stem from three 4.8 GW combined cycle plants, which were expected to be operational by the end of 2017. There are also plans to add gas-turbine (combined cycle and conventional) plants, large coal fired plants, one or two nuclear power stations and a significant amount of solar and wind capacity.
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Keywords
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