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During the period under review, Rwanda updated the legal and institutional framework for geology and mining (...)Implementing regulations were also enacted to clarify, inter alia, criteria and modalities for: guarantee of environmental protection, (...)

Other institutions responsible for certain aspects of subsoil resources management include: the RDB, facilitating investment projects and overseeing environmental impact assessments (EIAs); the Rwanda Environment Management Authority (REMA), setting environmental standards and carrying out environmental inspections; and MINICOM, issuing mineral trading licences.

(...)applications for an exploration licence must be accompanied by an environmental protection plan, whereas mining licence applicants must submit an approved mineral exploration report, an approved EIA, and a financial guarantee of environmental protection. Large-scale quarry licences also require an approved EIA and a financial guarantee of environmental protection. (...)

Biomass continues to dominate Rwanda's energy matrix, accounting for approximately 85% of domestic primary energy production in 2011-2018. (...)Rwanda has considerable untapped potential for energy production from several sources, including solar, hydropower, methane gas, and peat deposits.

Rwanda has undertaken limited GATS commitments on certain professional services (...)and sporting services in centres promoting eco tourism. (...)

The Rwandan road network is fully state-owned. Its maintenance costs are generally high, due to the mountainous terrain and rainfall-driven erosion. (...)

Rwanda is rich in biodiversity, including important endemic species of flora and fauna, some of which are endangered. While it is renowned for mountain gorillas, Rwanda is home to three more primate species: chimpanzees, black-and-white colobus monkeys, and the endangered golden monkey.

Despite the constraints posed by the country's relatively small total surface area (26,338 km2), the authorities have allocated 10% of its territory to conservation and protection in four national parks. (...)

(...)The Rwanda Development Board (RDB) is in charge of tourism development, promotion and regulation, as well as wildlife preservation and management of the national parks. (...)

Goods and services exempted from VAT
Non-profit services regarding supplying clean water and ensuring environment treatment, with the exception of sewage pump-out services
(...)