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(...)Kenya is party to the Cartagena Protocol on Biosafety, and the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (CITES).

(...)For genetically modified animals and feedstuffs, the importer must obtain the approval from the National Biosafety Council before applying for the import permit. Consignments are inspected at the port of entry by relevant institutions.

The Government of Canada is proposing to create the Canadian Energy Regulator (CER), a new federal energy regulator with the required independence and the proper accountability to oversee a strong, safe and sustainable Canadian energy sector in the 21st century. Legislation has been introduced in Parliament to this end (Bill C-69, An Act to enact the Impact Assessment Act and the Canadian Energy Regulator Act, to amend the Navigation Protection Act and to make consequential amendments to other Acts). The CER would be located in Calgary, and would replace the NEB. It is expected to introduce modern and effective governance; enhanced certainty and timelier decisions; strengthened safety and environmental protection; more inclusive engagement processes; and greater Indigenous participation.

Federal and provincial governments collaborate on energy and mining policy through fora such as the Energy and Mines Ministers process. Recently, they focused on energy efficiency, responsible oil and gas development, electricity reliability, energy access, and technology innovation. In July 2015, Canada's Premiers adopted the Canadian Energy Strategy, updating the 2007 Shared Vision for Energy in Canada. The Strategy calls for this collaboration to address international climate change goals, and social and environmental responsibility. Canada's Mines Ministers announced the development of the Canadian Minerals and Metals Plan (CMMP) in March 2018. The CMMP aims to solidify Canada's position as a global mining leader, and to lay the foundation for lasting success at home and abroad. In addition, on 7 December 2018, Canada's First Ministers agreed to lead a discussion on the development of a framework for a clean electric future, including hydroelectricity, aimed at using clean, reliable and affordable electricity, and to promote access to domestic and international markets. The specific content of this framework will be developed over the course of 2019.

Trade policy for the mining and energy sectors remains largely unchanged since the previous TPR, excepting updated regulations to ban asbestos and products containing it which came into force on 30 December 2018. The Government of Canada is committed to market principles in both sectors, and intervenes mainly to achieve policy objectives it considers the market will not meet on its own, such as energy efficiency, cleaner energy, health and safety, and science and technology. (...)

(...)The CUSMA also removes the "energy proportionality clause", includes an annex on harmonizing energy-efficiency performance standards and test procedures, and resolves a technical issue related to diluents that had previously added unnecessary duties and other fees.

Taxes have traditionally been calculated with reference to a number of tax credits or deductions, the most specific of which are broadly described on the NRCan website. Reforms are currently underway to phase out inefficient fossil fuel subsidies and reduce GHG emissions. In particular, accelerated capital cost allowances (ACCAs) for tangible assets and Canadian Exploration Expense (CEE) treatment for intangible assets were phased out in oilsands projects as of 2015 and 2016, respectively, although allowances were introduced for other areas of the energy sector, such as for clean energy and LNG.

The NEB grants electricity export permits depending on a number of factors, including the effects of exports on adjacent provinces, the environment, and fair market access for Canadians. (...)

After Ontario's closure of all remaining coal-fired power plants in 2014, Canada implemented regulations on GHG emissions from coal fired electricity plants, that effectively ban the construction of new coal-fired generation that does not utilize capture and storage technology. In 2016, Canada proposed amendments to these regulations to accelerate its commitment to the phase-out of conventional coal-fired power plants by 2030. In October 2014, SaskPower commissioned the world's first integrated carbon capture and storage facility at the Boundary Dam coal plant in Saskatchewan. Despite the fact that, according to the IEA, Canada is not currently on track to meet its 2020 GHG emissions reduction goals, there are several positive trends, notably a marked decrease in emissions from electricity generation, and programmes at federal and provincial levels to deploy renewables.

Federal and provincial governments manage several programmes to encourage R&D in all sectors, including innovation in renewable energy, such as hydro, wind and solar energy, and biofuels. Federal assistance encompasses grants, subsidized funding and other financial incentives, tax incentives, pricing (regulatory) subsidies, and support for R&D. (...)