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Sectoral policy is particularly complex, as it involves economic, environmental and social considerations. Indeed, many resource development and extractive projects are located in – or near – Indigenous communities, with which the Government of Canada has a legal duty to consult when their rights may be affected by a proposed resource project. Canada is in the process of putting in place better rules for the governance of such projects and creating a modern energy regulator. This new approach will provide investors and companies certainty that good projects can move forward, while also ensuring inclusive engagement in review processes and that the environment is protected. (...)

In Canada, about 80% of greenhouse gas emissions come from energy. As Canada is a Party to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change, both the federal and provincial governments have set targets for GHG emissions reductions, and have implemented plans for the energy sector, and particularly for the oil and gas sector. Improvements are being broadly implemented across the sector. For example, oil sand emissions per barrel decreased 29% from 2000 to 2016. In spring 2017, the Minister of Natural Resources launched the Generation Energy initiative, a national dialogue from which emerged that Canada's energy future is one where energy efficiency is enhanced, innovation in clean power is fostered, renewables are adopted, oil and gas is cleaner, and communities, including those of Indigenous peoples, are supported. The Government of Canada is acting on this advice and is working with provinces and territories to enhance and develop clean growth strategies. For instance, a recent Environmental Performance Review of Canada in 2017 touches on mining in its analysis of energy efficiency and natural resource management. The mining industry has committed to practices and standards to ensure the safe and sustainable development of the mineral resources. Serious environmental incidents at operating mines are rare. The construction, operation, closure, and reclamation of mines are subject to strict provincial and territorial regulatory requirements, along with federal requirements, related to fish and fish habitat protection, wildlife and wildlife habitat protection, uranium mines, and the control of metal mine effluents. The Mining Association of Canada's Towards Sustainable Mining initiative has been adopted by a number of countries around the world.

The main institutions that participate in the sector are:
• Natural Resources Canada (NRCan), the federal ministry mandated to ensure the sustainable development and competitiveness of Canada's natural resources, including pipelines, energy development, and trade. The Major Projects Management Office (MPMO) functions within NRCan since 2007, and acts, inter alia, as a single window into the federal regulatory system for major resource projects ;
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• the Canadian Environmental Assessment Agency;
• Environment and Climate Change Canada;
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The national legislative authority prevails in areas such as(...)environment protection, (...)

Selected trade-related laws enacted or amended, 2012-17
Law Year
(...) (...)
Fisheries Management and Development Act (No. 35 of 2016) 2016
Forest Conservation and Management Act (No. 34 of 2016) 2016
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Wildlife Conservation and Management Act (No. 47 of 2013) 2013

Products subject to an import permit and/or licence, or registration, 2018
Product Type of restriction Licensing body
(...) (...) (...)
Ozone depleting substances Licence and permit National Environment Management Authority
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Irradiating devices and radioactive materials Licence Radiation Protection Board
CITES products Permit Kenya Wildlife Services (KWS)

Kenya maintains some import controls and prohibitions under the Animals Diseases Act (Table 3.3). An absolute import prohibition applies to certain meat and meat products: (...)products from animals bred through genetically modified inputs; (...)Other prohibited fish products include: fish and fishery products that have been fed with genetically modified/engineered feedstuff,(...)

Product-specific export requirements, October 2018
Product Documentation requirement
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Quail Health certificate and movement (within Kenya) permit from the DVS
Non-CITES export permit
Importation and exportation from Kenya Wildlife Service
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Food and feed containing at least 1% (by weight) of genetically modified organisms are subject to labelling and traceability requirements. Operators are required to ensure that the words "genetically modified 'name of ingredient or food' " appear on the label. They are also required to inform any subsequent operator in the production or distribution chain that the product contains or consists of genetically modified organisms.

Main elements of Kenya's SPS legal framework
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Area Main agency Main legislation
Genetically modified organisms National Biosafety Authority Biosafety Act, 2008