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4.29. (...) Indonesia's current forest and land governance systems allocate various responsibilities to district, provincial and national governments (Section 4.1.7). These include aspects of spatial planning, allocating licences for land concessions (such as for logging and mining activities, and oil palm and timber plantations), environmental safeguards, and budgets for environmental management.

4.30. (...) It also evaluates the operating plantations that do not meet some standards, including areas whose status was changed from forest land to other land uses and is to be reconstituted to forest land again, or constituted to high conservation-value forest (wherever the timber volume estimate is considerably high). (...)

4.56. Indonesia's rich marine biodiversity and resources remain threatened by illegal, unreported and unregulated (IUU) fishing; efforts are being made to address this (see below). Reportedly, overfishing occurred due to the activities of illegal foreign vessels, and due to an insufficiently robust regulatory framework for domestic fishing activities; this assessment is not accepted by the authorities. (...)

4.57. The 2015–19 RPJMN set the following priorities in the fisheries sector: community development and empowerment through programmes for small-scale fishers and fish farmers in coastal and small island areas; mitigation and adaptation strategies regarding climate change for the marine and fisheries sector; improvement of the quality and profitability of fish products for small-scale fishers; improvement of fishery-related infrastructure; strengthening of monitoring, surveillance and enforcement systems to improve management and combat IUU fishing; and strengthening of human resource capacity. (...)

4.58 (...) The Policy has five main objectives, including improving communications with fishers (facilitating licensing, fisheries port development, fishing management in exclusive economic zone (EEZ) and high seas, fisheries protection, and empowerment to increase fishers income); improving and optimizing aquaculture (reducing unemployment and providing animal protein for human consumption); (...)

4.60. The MMAF follows an ecosystem approach to fisheries management (EAFM) for the long-term sustainability of fisheries and the ecosystem services provided to society (food security, livelihood, economic security, coastal protection, and human health and well-being). (...) The outcome of the 2014 EAFM was the Technical Guidelines. In 2019, the outcomes were: certification for fisheries product traceability and eco-labelling; expansion of protected marine areas; the Fisheries Management Plan for 11 fisheries management areas; (...) the traceability of fisheries product related to IUU fishing activities; (...)

4.62. Law No. 1/2014 amending Law No. 27/2007 on the Management of Coastal Area and Isles, which entered into force on 15 January 2014, is aimed at protecting, conserving, rehabilitating and utilizing the resources of coastal areas and small islands in a sustainable manner. The Law provides for the use of zoning plans for marine resources and marine areas, and the obligation to conduct research and development in order to improve the quality of planning and management of coastal areas and small islands.

4.64. Since 1 January 2017, under MMAF Regulation No. 2/2015, all types of fishing trawl and seine nets (cantrang) are banned. Between 2015 and 2017, the authorities distributed approximately 9,000 units of eco-friendly fishing gear to small-scale, artisanal, subsistence fisheries operating with vessels under 5 GT. (...)

4.69. (...) The authorities indicated that these schemes, run by the MMAF, are not related to international trade. They consist of:
(...)
• the Fishing Vessels Construction Program (since 2015, grants for fishing vessels, fishing vessel machines, and environmentally friendly fishing gear: IDR 550 billion for 2015–18);
(...)

4.73. Furthermore, in implementing the RJPMN 2015-19 (see above), the objectives of some priority programmes included:
(...)
• Marine Spatial Management Program (total budget for five years: IDR 8,185.15 billion), through several strategies, including: expansion of marine protected/conservation areas, improvement of community livelihood on small islands and in coastal areas, and coastal rehabilitation/restoration;
• fisheries resources management surveillance (total budget for five years: IDR 10,482.85 billion), through: monitoring and surveillance operation (sea patrol and air patrol), development of surveillance system and technology, and improvement of law enforcement regarding IUU fishing (capability and regulation);
(...)