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3.92. With regard to environmental measures, Zimbabwe has signed five environmental conventions, the Climate Change Convention, and desertification conventions. The Environmental Management Agency was established in 2007 under the Environmental Management Act of 2003. It is in charge of environmental impact assessments, including for mining projects (...), ecosystem protection, water standards, air pollution, and chemicals management. On the ground, it has officers that deal with water, air, and chemical pollution. (...)

3.102. For imports, the first step is an application, in person, for a plant import permit from the Department of Research and Specialist Services in Harare or the Head Plant Quarantine and Plant Protection Services Institute in Mazowe. (...) The second step involves an application for a biosafety permit from the National Biotechnology Authority (See also 3.2.3.1). (...)

3.106. Zimbabwe joined the Cartagena Protocol on Biosafety in 2005. Its biosafety policy, international commitments, and legislation require risk assessment (Section 25 of the National Biotechnology Authority (NBA) Act). The NBA Act (Chapter 14:31) was passed in 2006, and it superseded the Research Amendment Act, 1998. The NBA replaced the Biosafety Board.

3.107. According to the authorities, Zimbabwe provides for the importation of genetically modified grains under supervised milling and transportation arrangements during food shortages. Millers that abide by supervised milling procedures are given permits to import genetically modified grains, e.g. maize.

3.108. In 2018, new GMO regulations were promulgated, that established the procedures for obtaining a biosafety permit from the NBA and a registration certificate for GMO operators (importers). The registration fee is USD 500. The regulations contain a long and non-exhaustive list of agricultural products requiring GMO-free certificates/declarations (commodities, meat, fish, dairy products, feed, vegetables, coffee and tea, feed additives, seeds, etc). Applications for a biosafety import permit must be accompanied by a GMO certificate or a GMO declaration issued by the competent authority in the exporting country. GMO declarations are accepted only for milled and other products (except seeds and grain) not known to contain GM ingredients.

3.109. (...) In 2018 Zimbabwe adopted mandatory labelling rules with regard to genetically modified food and feed [57], which provide that: a. Operators that produce or sell food or feed containing at least 1% of genetically modified products shall label their products in accordance with the regulation; b. Operators that produce or sell food or feed containing less than 1% genetically modified products shall not be required to label their products as such, and if they so wish (...)

[57] S.I. 159 of 2018, Genetically Modified Food and Feed (Labelling) Regulations (gazetted on 24 August 2018).

1.8. (...) The price of Indonesia's main international export commodities, including coal and palm oil, are also expected to decline, along with the shift in the world's demand for alternative sources of energy. (...)

2.7. (...) Inflation was a bit high in 2013 and 2014 because of the increase in energy prices due to the reallocation process of energy subsidies towards infrastructure and social development. (...)

3.14. (...) In addition, Indonesia has benefitted from works of the G20 to project its national short-and-mid-term interests into the international fora, such as blended finance for SDGs financing, the role of creative industry in supporting economic growth, recognition towards biofuel as a way to reach cleaner energy use and development, family farming as an important component in agriculture, and the role of women as agent of peace.

3.30. Indonesia attaches importance to negotiations held under the TRIPS Council, and actively engages itself in discussions on related agenda items, such as: (...) Relationship between the TRIPS Agreement and the Convention on Biological Diversity; (...) Additionally, progress also came in the form of government regulation concerning access to genetic resources and the fair and equitable sharing of benefit arising from their utilization, namely Regulation of the Minister of Environment and Forestry No. 2/2018.