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3.70. (...) In certain cases, Singapore Standards (SSs) have themselves developed into international standards, such as those related to bunkering and to the water efficiency management system. (...).

3.72. (...) The Singapore Standards Council (SSC) set up several industry-specific standards committees to carry out the development of standards in particular sectors. [43]

[43] There are 11 standards committees: (...) environment and resources (...).

3.83. Over the past few years, the Singapore Accreditation Council (SAC) developed the following new accreditation programmes: (...) Organic Primary Produce, Programme for the Endorsement of Forest Certification, and Greenhouse Gas Validation and Verification. The latter, launched in August 2018, aims to support the aviation industry for the Carbon Offsetting and Reduction Scheme for International Aviation initiated by the International Civil Aviation Organization.

3.84. The Singapore Accreditation Council (SAC) is a signatory to 26 regional and international [Mutual Recognition Agreements] MRAs covering more than 100 economies. (...) These MRAs allow signatories to recognize as equivalent to their own standards the accredited test reports and certifications issued by overseas partners, avoiding the need for exporters to duplicate testing and certification procedures in destination markets. Since 2016, 13 new MRAs have been concluded in areas such as environmental management systems, (...).

3.88. During the review period, Singapore made changes to the institutional setup governing its SPS regime. The Agri-Food and Veterinary Authority (AVA) was dissolved in April 2019, and its functions were transferred to two regulatory bodies: (...) and the National Parks Board (NParks) for the animal and plant health aspects (including CITES).

3.110. Currently, prepacked genetically modified (GM) food products are not subject to specific labelling requirements. Through its Labelling Subcommittee, the Genetic Modification Advisory Committee (GMAC) follows international trends on GM food labelling. The authorities indicate that the SFA, together with the GMAC, will assess the issue in relation to Singapore, and implement a GM food labelling policy if, and when, the need arises.

3.154. (...) The Government committed SGD 19 billion in R&D funding from 2016 to 2020 in furtherance of the sixth five year science and technology plan, the Research Innovation Enterprise 2020 Plan. With support from cross-cutting academic research, manpower, and innovation and enterprise programmes, the Plan focused on four strategic technology domains: (...) urban solutions and sustainability, (...).

4.4. (...) CO2 emissions started declining in 2017 in absolute terms; this may suggest an increasing greening of the Singaporean economy in general and a possible decoupling trend between growth, which remained strong, and emissions.

4.6. From 2015 to 2018, total energy supply grew by 19%. Chart 4.2 details Singapore's energy supply by source. (...) Natural gas provides about a quarter of the energy supply, while the share of coal and renewables remains marginal; solar energy supply grew five-fold during the period, from a very low base.

4.7. In the framework of the Paris Agreement, Singapore submitted its enhanced Nationally Determined Contribution in March 2018 and its Long-Term Low Emissions Development Strategy in March 2020 to the secretariat of the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change. Singapore committed to peak emissions at 65 million tonnes of carbon-dioxide equivalent (MtCO2e) around 2030; it aspires to halve emissions from the peak to 33 MtCO2e by 2050 and to achieve net zero emissions as soon as viable in the second half of the century.