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4.50. Catch quotas are allocated by the Federal Agency for Fishery under a total allowable catch (TAC) system. Based on a TAC by species and fishing zone (or basin) set by the Agency, quotas are allocated to the activities of commercial fishing, (...) as well as fishing in order to ensure the traditional way of life and the implementation of traditional economic activities of the indigenous peoples of the North, Siberia, and the Far East of the Russian Federation. (...) Fishing rules are also in place by fishing basin and are revised from time to time, according to fisheries management objectives.

4.56. According to the authorities, the Russian Federation aims to combat illegal, unreported, and unregulated (IUU) fishing in line with the International Plan of Action to Prevent, Deter and Eliminate Illegal, Unreported and Unregulated Fishing. The Russian Federation is a party to the UN Fish Stocks Agreement and the Agreement on Port State Measures to Prevent, Deter and Eliminate Illegal, Unreported and Unregulated Fishing (ratified by the Russian Federation in December 2020), but not to the Agreement to Promote Compliance with International Conservation and Management Measures by Fishing Vessels on the High Seas. According to the authorities, the Russian Federation also concluded bilateral agreements to combat IUU fishing with the Republic of Korea, China, Japan, the United States, the Democratic People's Republic of Korea, and a number of other countries, and fishing vessels registered in the Russian Federation carry an International Maritime Organization (IMO) identification number.

4.79. The Russian Federation has the world's fourth-largest electricity system, after the United States, China, and India. (...) Gas accounts for 46% of electricity generation, followed by coal (18%), hydro (18%), and nuclear power (17%). The role of non-hydro renewable energy in electricity production is very small.

4.85. The Ministry of Natural Resources and Environment of the Russian Federation (MinPrirody of Russia) carries out the functions of developing state policy and legal regulation in the field of study, use, reproduction, and protection of natural resources, including subsoil. Within its competence, the Ministry also ensures the fulfilment of obligations arising from international treaties on issues related to its sphere of activity. The Ministry coordinates and controls the activities of its subordinates: the Federal Service for Hydrometeorology and Environmental Monitoring, the Federal Service for Supervision of Natural Resources, the Federal Agency for Water Resources, the Federal Agency for Forestry, and the Federal Agency for Subsoil Use.

4.86. The Ministry of Energy carries out the functions of developing and implementing (...) renewable energy sources; (...). In addition, the Ministry of Energy carries out the functions of developing state policy and legal regulation in the field of energy saving and increasing energy efficiency on information support of measures for energy saving and increasing energy efficiency, (...).

Table A1.5 Trade in services by sector, 2016-20
Waste treatment and depollution, agricultural and mining services
Exports: 2016: 612; 2017: 671; 2018: 737; 2019: 699; 2020: 601
Imports: 2016: 2,345; 2017: 2,162; 2018: 2,457; 2019: 2,318; 2020: 2,152
Trade balance: 2016: -1,734; 2017: -1,491; 2018: -1,720: 2019: -1,618; 2020: -1,552

3.3. National strategy to develop a knowledge-based and innovation driven economy and society. Research, Innovation and Enterprise (RIE) are cornerstones of Singapore's broader national strategy to develop a knowledge based innovation driven economy and society. Building on the RIE2015 and RIE2020 plans, RIE2025 supports strengthening capabilities in strategic and emerging areas (e.g. climate change, food resilience, human potential) (...).

3.5. Responding to new realities in a changed world. As part of the FEC's work, the Emerging Stronger Taskforce (EST) was set up in May 2020 (...) Tapping on the collective experience and strength of industry stakeholders, the EST piloted a new model of private public partnership – the Singapore Together Alliances for Action (AfAs). The AfAs serve as pathfinders for new and creative ideas and seek to deliver minimum viable products to validate new business ideas, models, and solutions in areas such as sustainability, robotics, and safe visitor experiences. In May 2021, the EST presented its vision and recommendations [3] for Singapore to build a Virtually Unlimited Singapore that offers limitless opportunities for our nation, businesses and people. (...).

[3] The EST proposed five key recommendations: (i) creating new virtual frontiers, (ii) seizing growth opportunities from sustainability, (...).

3.7. (...) Beyond supporting the critical supply chains during the pandemic, Singapore remains committed to further strengthen its trade and physical connectivity to help businesses build resilient, agile and sustainable supply chains.

3.11 [Becoming a 'Bright Green Spark'] As a small island city-state, Singapore has limited natural resources to generate alternative energy. Nonetheless, we will meet our commitments under the Paris Agreement and aspire to achieve net-zero emissions as soon as viable in the second half of the century. To achieve this, we are investing in low carbon technologies, tapping on renewable energy at home and from the region and electrifying our vehicles. We are also developing Singapore into a carbon trading and services hub for the region, and reviewing our carbon tax to encourage companies to become more carbon efficient.