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4.161. The 2019 agenda of the Emirate of Dubai included the Plan for Reducing the Environmental Impacts of the Aviation Sector agreed upon by all relevant stakeholders such as Dubai airports, air carriers, aviation infrastructure developers, ground handlers, and navigation services providers. The Plan developed a smart platform to collect data on aviation environmental impact, such as carbon emissions, noise, and air quality. Since 2016, the UAE has been a member of the ICAO's Committee on Aviation Environmental Protection, which assists the ICAO Council in formulating policies and adopting standards and recommended practices related to aviation's environmental impact.

4.164. (...) The Government also launched the National Maritime Navigation System based on geographical information systems and maritime data provided by the UAE and international partners to improve security, environmental, and customs information. At the emirate level, Dubai unveiled in 2014 its Dubai Maritime Vision 2030 to consolidate its potential as a maritime hub, thanks to modern infrastructure and services, and integrate the highest standards of sustainability.

14. Panama may impose prohibitions, controls or restrictions on imports or exports when necessary in order, inter alia, to protect the environment, human, animal or plant health, or security, or in respect of staple goods in short supply, or in respect of such goods as may be determined by the Executive in accordance with Panama's economic interests. With the exception of the prohibition on the export of a tropical wood, Cocobolo, there have been no changes to the goods subject to these measures since the previous review.

16. (...) Panama does not impose export taxes, charges or levies, except on processed wood from natural forests, which is subject to a levy of 1% of the free on board (f.o.b.) value. (...)

17. (...) Most sectoral incentives have not changed substantially since the previous review in 2014 and are still intended, inter alia, to promote banana production, reforestation, mining, renewable energy, the film and audiovisual industry, call centres, tourism, construction and the shipbuilding industry.

21. (...) Since 2014, the government procurement system has undergone several changes, including the adoption of new procurement methods, thresholds and preferences; a streamlining of bureaucracy in the procurement process; and the promotion of socially and environmentally responsible procurement. (...)

24. Since the previous review in 2014, Panama has diversified its energy basket, offering incentives for using clean, renewable sources so as to reduce the effects of climate change and the country's dependence on imported fossil fuels. Private domestic and foreign investment in power generation, distribution and marketing is permitted. Foreigners may hold a controlling stake in any of these activities. Control over transmission remains in the hands of the State, which also participates in the other activities in the electricity sector. Panama continued to subsidize consumer electricity tariffs and to maintain cross subsidies to finance subsistence consumption; additionally, some customers obtained further discounts in light of the pandemic.

Table 1.1. Basic economic indicators, 2013-21Q2:
(...)
Employed population by economic activity (% of total employed population):
Secondary Sector:
(...)
Water supply; sewerage; waste management and sanitation activities: (2013) 0.7, (2014) 0.6, (2015) 0.5, (2016) 0.5, (2017) 0.6, (2018) 0.4, (2019) 0.5, (2020) 0.5, (2021Q2) ..
(...)

1.28. (...) The growth of capital expenditure reflected the implementation of an ambitious public investment programme, including infrastructure works such as the Panama Bay clean-up, coastal belt expansion, and the construction of motorways and the Panama City metro. (...)

1.32. The Panama Savings Fund (FAP), established by Law No. 38 of 5 June 2012, is a long-term savings mechanism for the Panamanian State based on conservative investment strategies. The FAP was designed to provide emergency coverage in the event of natural disasters or economic stagnation while protecting the interests of future generations. (...)