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 Between 2007 and 2011, the MSAR continued to undergo major structural change in its merchandise trade, mainly as a result of the expiry of the ATC. (...) However, the Closer Economic Partnership Arrangement
(CEPA) with Mainland China has provided the Macao Special Administrative Region (MSAR) with the opportunity to develop new manufacturing industries (such as coffee, recycled plastics and refined copper foil) by exempting tariffs on imports from the MSAR on condition that the goods concerned satisfy the specified rules of origin.

These measures, together with further market opening under the CEPA, have contributed to economic diversification of the manufacturing sector by facilitating the development of new products, such as coffee, refined copper foil, stamps, and recycled plastics; exports of these products to Mainland China have increased markedly since 2009.

Producers with larger holdings and a more advantageous geographical location receive support amounting to 20, 30 or 45%, subject to maxima per project or per hectare. For example, for agricultural plastic recycling plants, there is a limit of Mex$3 million per project and Mex$200,000 for agricultural plastic collection centres

In 2009, Togo adopted a structured national framework to govern standardization, approval, certification, accreditation, metrology, the environment and promotion of quality, while technical regulations adopted concern, among others, the production and sale of biodegradable plastic bags

A tax reform proposal is under discussion - the aim of which is correcting environmental and public health imbalances - to promote responsible use of fossil fuels, non-degradable plastics and non-recyclable packaging

Import prohibition of non-biodegradable plastic shopping bags is in place since December 2009

Yellowfin tuna, used motor vehicles, waste and scrap of plastics, as well as several other products are subject to import licensing and prohibition for reasons of environmental protection

Environmental tax maintained on second-hand cars, fuel, and plastic packaging and the tax on fishing activities

Imports of used motor vehicles (cars, trucks, and buses) and machinery over four-years old, and plastic bags, which are made domestically, were banned in the 2008 Budget; however, the import ban on plastic bags for environmental reasons is yet to be implemented.

Under the Customs Act, an environmental tax is levied on every unit of non-returnable metal, plastic, glass or cardboard container of any alcoholic or non-alcoholic beverage imported into Guyana.