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One third of the estimated cost of US$787 billion during fiscal years 2009-19 under the American Recovery and Reinvestment Act of 2009 (ARRA) encompasses direct government investment spending and equivalent programmes, including spending on research on renewable energy and tax credits for businesses and utilities that produce electricity from wind, refined coal, geothermal, biomass, solar, and combined heat and power systems

Federal excise taxes maintained on fuels, crude oil and petroleum products, and ozone depleting chemicals among others

Non-automatic licensing requirements on, among others, fish, wildlife, plant, and nuclear substances maintained to safeguard the environment

Technical regulations and conformity assessment procedures adopted by states on products such as energy appliances, fertilizers, motor vehicles to protect the environment among others

EPA’s registration for pesticides, including imported pesticides, is given after due evaluation of comprehensive data on potential environmental effects

SPS requirements applied on imports of plants, animals, and their products are established on the basis of the risk posed to animal or plant life or health or to the environment arising from the imports among others

Under the National Environmental Policy Act (NEPA), all genetically engineered animals must undergo an environmental assessment

The Bureau of Industry and Security (BIS) administers export controls, among others, under the Energy Policy and Conservation Act

The Nuclear Regulatory Commission (NRC) is responsible for administering export controls over source, special nuclear, and by-product material, and nuclear facilities and equipment under the Atomic Energy Act

In 2009, almost 10% of the total value of federal procurement (approximately US$535 billion) was devoted to administrative and waste management services