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Table 3.4 Consumption tax on fuels and petroleum products
Product; Rate (B per gallon)
Petrol, 91 and 95 octane, unleaded;
with 5% of anhydrous bioethanol of foreign origin; 3.78
with 5% of anhydrous bioethanol of domestic origin; 0.57
with 7% of anhydrous bioethanol of domestic origin: 0.56
with 10% of anhydrous bioethanol of domestic origin: 0.54
Product; Rate (B per gallon)
Petrol mixed with biodiesel of foreign origin;1.58

(…) Moreover, Law No. 76 of 21 October 2013 imposes an import tax on fuels blended with bio ethanol of foreign provenance (section 3.2.5). (…)

Panama imposes import prohibitions and restrictions for health, safety, environmental, sanitary and phytosanitary reasons. (…)

Table 3.5 Imports subject to import licences or approval by the competent bodies
Competent Body: Waste Department
Products: Precursors and essential chemical substances subject to international control.
(…)
Air-conditioning equipment in motor vehicles and trucks (whether or not incorporated into the vehicle).
Refrigeration and air-conditioning equipment/domestic and commercial heat pumps.

The preparation of a technical regulation goes through the following stages: an application is submitted to the DGNTI (Directorate General of Standards and Industrial Technology). If it considers that the application is valid, the DGNTI sets up a technical committee composed of interested parties from the public and private sectors, which then draws up a draft technical regulation. The draft's viability is based on criteria relating to safety, environmental protection, and human, animal and plant health and life. (…)

Panama allows the import of genetically modified products. It does, however, prohibit the production, import, sale and use of products containing certain additives for animal consumption. Panama approved the Cartagena Protocol on Biosafety to the Convention on Biological Diversity and has set up a National Biosafety Commission, as well as biosafety committees in the areas of health, the environment and agriculture. The authorities are planning to develop more rules in this regard.

Cabinet Decree No. 41 of 11 December 2002 provides that all domestic products may be exported, with the exception of drugs (unless they are for medicinal or scientific purposes); products endangering the safety of fauna, flora (…)

Executive Decree No. 83 of 10 July 2008 (Article 6) prohibits the export of wood in the form of logs, stumps, roundwood or blocks, sawn or roughly dressed, of any species from natural forests. The objective is to ensure the sustainable use of this natural resource and to boost national value added by processing the wood. Panama does not allow the export of certain plants and animals in danger of extinction pursuant to the International Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (CITES). (…)

(…) For reasons of sustainability and to boost national value added, exports of wood in slabs and blocks or simply planed is prohibited. (…)

(…) The export of wood in slabs or blocks or simply planed is prohibited for environmental reasons and in order to boost national value added. (…)