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4.6. Namibia has reviewed its agricultural policy of 1995 and adopted the National Agriculture Policy (2015), which aims to achieve sustainable growth of production, marketing, and agro-industry development. The policy framework takes into account new issues such as climate change, as well as Namibia's international commitments such as the SADC initiative to develop a common agriculture development agenda (Comprehensive Africa Agriculture Development Programme) and the Malabo Declaration (calling for at least 10% of public expenditure to be allocated to agriculture).

4.10. Furthermore, Namibian agricultural policy is aimed at the sustainable utilization of scarce water resources, and land reform. Government interventions include farm resettlements and the transfer of commercially viable agricultural land. (...)

4.13. The MAWLR[the Ministry of Agriculture, Water, and Land Reform] has been implementing several input subsidy schemes, including:
(...)
• Comprehensive Conservation Agriculture Programme (CCAP): The scheme was launched in 2015 and complements the DLCPP[Dry Land Crop Production Programme]. It is implemented country-wide to help communal and commercial farmers improve crop production, soil fertility, and climate resilience. It provides, inter alia, subsidized ploughing services and subsidized inputs (improved seeds). Budgeted expenditures were NAD 5 million in 2021/22.
(...)

4.27. The marketing of the domestic grain crop is regulated by floor prices:
• For white maize and wheat, floor prices are agreed annually between organized farmers and processors, which are based on import parity prices using a five-year average of the South African Futures Exchange (SAFEX) spot price. The price formulas include, inter alia, a GMO-free premium (8%) for maize.(...)
(...)

4.34. Namibia is a member of various regional fishery management organizations, namely the South East Atlantic Fisheries Organization (SEAFO), the International Commission for the Conservation of Atlantic Tunas (ICCAT), and the Commission for the Conservation of Antarctic Marine Living Resources (CCAMLR). Namibia, together with Angola and South Africa, is party to the Benguela Current Convention with the aim of safeguarding the sustainable use of the Benguela Current Large Marine Ecosystem (BCLME). Namibia does not have bilateral market access agreements for its fisheries. The Marine Resources Act, 2000 makes provision for fisheries agreements within the framework of SADC.

4.36. The Ministry of Fisheries and Marine Resources (MFMR) manages capture fisheries (marine and freshwater) and aquaculture (mariculture and freshwater). The main fisheries legislation comprises the Marine Resources Act, 2000 as amended in 2015, and the Inland Fisheries Act, 2002. According to the authorities, the Ministry is in the process of reviewing and harmonizing its policies and legislation. The fishing industry has been consulted on the possibility of joining the Extractive Industries Transparency Initiative (EITI) and Namibia is in the process of analysing the impact on sustainable management of the marine resources. A fisheries management plan has been in place since 2008 for hake, and in 2020 Namibia's hake fishery received Marine Stewardship Council certification for sustainable fishing. [124]
[124] Marine Stewardship Council (2020), "Namibian Fishery Is Second in Africa to Be Certified as Sustainable", 17 November. Viewed at: https://www.msc.org/media-centre/press-releases/press-release/namibian-fishery-is-second-in-africa-to-be-certified-as-sustainable.

4.37. Since 2007 a national plan of action has been in place to prevent IUU fishing. The plan sets out its responsibilities and measures as flag, coastal, and port state. Namibia introduced Vessel Monitoring System (VMS) regulations in 2005 and amendments in 2014; and a satellite-based VMS was implemented in 2007 and upgraded in 2022. Transhipment at sea between fishing vessels and carrier vessels is prohibited. All catches must be landed at Namibian ports, where transhipment may be authorized by the Executive Director, and must be accompanied by the regional fisheries management organization's (RFMO) catch documents. According to the authorities, Namibia has complied with the EC Catch Documentation Scheme since 2009 for all fishery exports to the European Union, and it also requires original catch documentation issued by the catching vessel flag state for third-country imports into Namibia. Under the FAO Port State Measures Agreement (ratified in 2017), all foreign fishing vessels requesting permission to land their catches in Namibian ports must be accompanied by export authorization and certificates issued by their flag states. Namibia has developed a National IUU vessel list that allows for priority risk assessments of all foreign fishing vessels requesting permission to enter Namibian ports. Fishing vessels on this list, when suspected of illegal fishing or in support of illegal fishing activities, are denied entry into Namibian ports.

4.38. Namibia's fisheries management regime includes the following instruments:
• Fishing rights: The eligibility criteria for a fishing right are contained in the Ministry's policy statement/guidelines of 2013. (...) Other criteria include the advancement disadvantaged persons, regional development within Namibia, and conservation of fish resources. The tenure of the fishing rights (7, 10, 15, or 20 years) is based on the percentage of Namibian ownership of the fishing vessel or the percentage of the catches processed domestically, as well as employment creation for Namibian citizens. (...)
• Total allowable catch (TAC): The MFMR sets the TAC annually for the eight "quota fisheries" with the objective of managing resources sustainably and preventing overexploitation of fish stocks. (...)

4.44. (...)Namibia is a new source country for critical minerals for renewable energy technologies, such as cobalt, graphite, rare earths, and lithium.

4.56. Namibia is highly dependent on imports of electricity (about 60%-80% of the electricity supply, Table 4.5).[149] The country has significant solar and wind power potential. [150] However, as of 2022, renewables (excluding hydropower) contributed only 9% to the electricity mix. (...) Droughts in the region have further affected electricity availability from hydropower sources in Zambia, Zimbabwe, and Mozambique.
[149] Subject to seasonal variations and the operational status of the country's largest hydroelectric plant, the Ruacana Hydropower Station.
[150] Namibia has one of the world's highest solar irradiation regimes. National Renewable Energy Policy. Viewed at: https://www.climate-laws.org/geographies/namibia/policies/national-renewable-energy-policy.