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(…) Provincial legislation regulates interests in petroleum in relation to provincial lands. Other legislation includes: the Energy Monitoring Act; the Energy Supplies Emergency Act; the Oil Substitution and Conservation Act (R.S.C., 1985, c. O-8); (…)

The National Energy Board is the body in charge of issuing operating licences. An operating licence expires on the thirty-first day of March immediately after the day on which it is issued and may be renewed for successive periods not exceeding one year each. The Board may determine the specific conditions for issuing the licence. The issuance of an authorization may have attached conditions such as: (a) requirements relating to liability for loss, damage, costs or expenses; (b) requirements for the carrying out of environmental programmes or studies; and (c) requirements for the payment of expenses incurred by the National Energy Board in approving the design, construction and operation of production facilities and production platforms.

A significant change over the review period was Ontario's closure of all coal-fired power plants. In addition, Canada has implemented regulations on greenhouse gas emissions from coal fired electricity plants that effectively ban construction of new coal-fired generation that does not utilized capture and storage technology. Major hydroelectric projects are being pursued in British Columbia, Manitoba, Quebec and Newfoundland and Labrador. In addition, all provinces have supported, or are supporting, the introduction of non-hydro renewables through various mechanisms. Canada continues to support R&D and demonstration of technologies relevant to the electricity sector. In October 2014, SaskPower commissioned the world's first integrated carbon capture and storage facility at the Boundary Dam coal plant in Saskatchewan.

Canada's transmission infrastructure is integrated with that of the United States. There are 34 major transmission lines that connect the two countries and support major two-way power flows (Table 4.9). Much of this trade is enabled by Canada's significant hydroelectric resources, which provide flexibility to meet electric demand on both sides of the Canada-U.S. border.

Table 4.9 Overview of Canada's electricity industry, 2013
(…)
- Criteria: Producer rank (2012)
- Amount: 6th largest electricity generation, 3rd largest hydro generation, 2nd largest exporter of electricity

The federal Government of Canada has limited involvement in the mining sector, generally limited to Crown corporations and mining on federal lands. However, certain trade related laws or acts are under the federal government, such as the 2002 Export and Import of Rough Diamonds Act (section 4.2.3.2), as well as legislation on investment and environmental protection. In Canada, it is the provincial governments that are most concerned and responsible for the exploration, development, extraction, direct taxation, and reclamation of mines.

The Minerals and Metals Policy from 1996 continues to guide the policies in the sector. The main points of the strategy focus on sustainable development, international competitiveness, and science and technology aspects. Furthermore, it promotes regulatory efficiency and sound financial and taxation policies for the sector. The Responsible Resource Development Plan also influences the sector in terms of strengthening environmental protection and improving consultation with Aboriginal peoples. The Plan provides greater certainty for investors, while strengthening Canada's world-class environmental standards.

(…) At the federal level, uranium mining, refining, processing, fuel fabrication, and nuclear reactor operation is regulated by the Canadian Nuclear Safety Commission (CNSC).

Compulsory coverages at the federal level include certain types of marine, mortgage, aviation, nuclear, environmental, and surety insurance. Numerous types of insurance (including automobile insurance) are regulated at the provincial or territorial level, and requirements vary by jurisdiction. Uninsured automobile coverage is mandatory in all provinces and territories.

(…) Some provinces, such as British Columbia, Ontario and Quebec, have a specific Travel Assurance Fund to compensate consumers who do not receive their travel services. Other areas, such as hotel green eco-rating, tour operators approved to offer travel for Chinese groups, and a passenger rights code of conduct for airlines, are voluntary programmes by the private sector.