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During the review period, Canada has maintained an active participation in the TRIPS Council discussions on enforcement, IP and innovation and the role of IP in sport, as well as contributing to debate on IP and climate related technology . (…)

Table 3.22 Crown corporations, 2014
(…)
Industry
- Crown corporation and sector: Standards Council of Canada
- Mandate: To oversee Canada's standardization system by promoting efficient and effective voluntary standardization in Canada, when standardization is not expressly provided for by law, in order to advance the national economy, support sustainable development, benefit the health, safety, and welfare of workers and the public, assist and protect consumers, facilitate domestic and international trade, and further international cooperation in relation to standardization.
- Assets (Dec. 2012) Can$ million: 8.4

Infrastructure
- Crown corporation and sector: The Jacques-Cartier and Champlain Bridges Inc.
- Mandate: Ensure a safe passage for users through the management, maintenance, and rehabilitation of our infrastructure by optimizing traffic flow and respecting the environment.

Public Works and Government Services
- Crown corporation and sector: Defence Construction (1951) Limited
- Mandate: To deliver and maintain infrastructure and environmental projects and services, and provide full lifecycle support for infrastructure and environmental assets, required for the defence of Canada.
- Assets (Dec. 2012) Can$ million: 62.3

Transport
- Crown corporation and sector: Marine Atlantic Inc.
- Mandate: To provide a safe, environmentally responsible, and quality ferry service between the Island of Newfoundland and the Province of Nova Scotia in a reliable, courteous, and cost effective manner.
- Assets (Dec. 2012) Can$ million: 325.7

- Crown corporation and sector: VIA Rail Canada Inc.
- Mandate: To offer a national passenger rail transportation service that is safe, secure, efficient, reliable, and environmentally sustainable, and that meets the needs of travelers in Canada.
- Assets (Dec. 2012) Can$ million: 1,316.8

Canadian Heritage
- Crown corporation and sector: Canadian Museum of Nature
- Mandate: To increase, throughout Canada and internationally, interest in, knowledge of, and appreciation and respect for the natural world by establishing, maintaining, and developing for research and posterity a collection of natural history objects, with special but not exclusive reference to Canada, and by demonstrating the natural world, the knowledge derived from it, and the understanding it represents.
- Assets (Dec. 2012) Can$ million: 217.3

Table 3.28 National IP legislation and international agreements, December 2014
- Legislation and term of protection: Plant Breeders' Rights Act (1990) (amended); Plant Breeders' Rights Regulations (1991) (amended).
- Scope and selected limitations: Allows for protection of new varieties of plants; varieties must be new, distinct, uniform and stable. All plant species are eligible for protection. Algae, bacteria and fungi are not protected. (...)

Since 2006, Canada has a policy on Green Procurement in force. As part of its long-term goal to improve the environment and quality of life for Canadians, the policy aims to reduce environmental impacts by integrating environmental performance considerations in the procurement process. Thus, each department is responsible for implementing an effective approach that incorporates environmental performance.

(...) The four cost-shared BRM (Business Risk Management) programmes are:
(…) c. AgriInsurance, a subsidized insurance that provides coverage for production losses due to natural disasters. AgriInsurance is provincially delivered; the federal government contributes a portion of total premiums and administrative costs and provides a reinsurance arrangement (deficit financing) to provinces. (...)
d. AgriRecovery, a disaster relief framework. The AgriRecovery framework has been designed to complement the other BRM programmes in helping producers recover from natural disasters. The focus of the framework is to respond in situations where producers do not have the capacity to cover the extraordinary costs associated with recovering from a disaster, even with the assistance available from other programmes. (...)

The Fisheries Act is the main federal statute governing for the management of fisheries resources in Canada. The legislative framework also includes: the Department of Fisheries and Oceans Act (establishing the powers, duties, and functions of the Minister of Fisheries and Oceans); the Oceans Act (providing for the development and implementation of an oceans management strategy); the Coastal Fisheries Protection Act (regulating access of foreign fishing vessels to Canadian fisheries waters and implementing international fisheries agreements to which Canada is party); and the Species at Risk Act (preventing wildlife species from being extirpated or becoming extinct, providing for the recovery of wildlife species that are extirpated, endangered or threatened as a result of human activity, and managing species of special concern to prevent them from becoming endangered or threatened).

The Department of Fisheries and Oceans (DFO or Fisheries and Oceans Canada) has the lead role in the management and protection of fisheries resources. DFO monitors fish landings and provides a certification that attests that fish and fish products originate from legal fisheries, thereby addressing concerns related to illegal, unreported and unregulated (IUU) fishing. Fish inspection regulation and labelling requirements are under the jurisdiction of the Canadian Food Inspection Agency. Access to commercial fisheries is restricted to eligible harvesters through a federal licensing regime. An online system is used by DFO to issue commercial and commercial communal fishing licenses nationally, as well as marine recreational fishing licenses in Eastern Canada (Atlantic Canada and Quebec). Aquaculture management is under a shared jurisdiction. DFO works in concert with provincial and territorial authorities, as well as First Nations , to administer a regulatory framework for aquaculture planning and management. The aquaculture sector is generally regulated by provinces and territories. In British Columbia and in Prince Edward Island, DFO both licenses and manages the aquaculture sector.

Management decisions regarding fisheries resources are implemented through Integrated Fisheries Management Plans and Conservation Harvesting Plans. They are updated as per the management cycle for each of the major species harvested, and cover measures such as: total allowable catches, licensing, number of traps, seasonal closures, area and/or gear restrictions, etc. Through its legislative and regulatory authority, DFO also guides the management of marine resources using tools such as the Precautionary Approach. [42]

[42] Under the UN Agreement on Straddling and Highly Migratory Fish Stocks (UNFA), countries are required, inter alia, to err on the side of caution in the management of fish stocks. Canada ratified the agreement on 3 August 1999. UNFA entered into force on 11 December 2001. Guiding principles were published in 2003. For more information, see: Privy Council Office (2003).

IUU fishing is a global problem that does not spare the Canadian industry, as it undermines profitable opportunities for legitimate fishing activities. Over 80% of Canadian fish and seafood products are exported. Activities of foreign vessels fishing in Canadian fisheries waters are regulated by the Coastal Fisheries Protection Act. The legislation also regulates the harvesting of sedentary species on the continental shelf. Amendments have been proposed to the Act in order to provide for the implementation and ratification of the Port State Measures Agreement (PSMA), an international agreement aimed at preventing illegal fish catches from entering international markets through ports. Under the terms of the Agreement, foreign vessels are required to provide advance notice and request permission for port entry. Countries may seek to order their fishing vessels to port in order to verify compliance. DFO views the implementation of this Agreement as "cost-effective in preventing, deterring, and eliminating IUU fishing activities around the world". The authorities indicated that Canada is working towards ratification of the PSMA. Another major proposed amendment to the Act is the provision for the prohibition of the importation of illegally acquired fish and marine plants, and related activities such as their transportation, sale or distribution. Any contravention to the prohibition constitutes an offence and can be subject to a fine of up to Can$500,000.

DFO (Department of Fisheries and Oceans) also administers a number of programmes and initiatives in the aquaculture industry. Launched in 2008 with a Can$70 million funding, the Sustainable Aquaculture Program aims at enhancing the sustainable development of the aquaculture industry. Under the programme, several regulations and policies were streamlined and resulted in an improved regulatory management. The programme has been renewed over the period 2013-18 with a Can$54 million funding.