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4.36. In 2020, New Zealand's installed power generation capacity was 9,758 MW (almost unchanged since 2015). Hydropower plants account for over half of the country's total capacity (Table 4.4). As in the case of total energy consumption, the industrial and residential sectors are the main electricity consumers.

4.43. Hydrocarbons continue to be New Zealand's main source of primary energy and an important source of GHG emissions.

4.47. Exploration permits are allocated on an annual tender process called Block Offer. NZP&M publishes annual block offers, making available a number of blocks for competitive tender on the international market. Petroleum companies bid applications are assessed on proposed work programmes and criteria, including their technical and financial capability to meet expected health, safety, and environmental requirements. The Resource Management Act 1991 regulates the environmental effects of minerals and petroleum activities on land and within the territorial sea, and imposes conditions to avoid, remedy, or mitigate adverse effects of such activities on the environment.

4.48. Under the Exclusive Economic Zone and Continental Shelf (Environmental Effects) Act 2012, the Environmental Protection Authority (EPA) regulates the environmental effects of petroleum and minerals activities beyond the territorial sea. Consent is required from the EPA for such activities. In February 2019, the Crown Minerals Amendment Act 2019 entered into force. Under the Amendment, prior consent from the Ministry of Energy and Resources is required for ownership changes of petroleum and certain minerals permits. This applies only to transactions entered into after the Amendment's implementation.

4.49. In line with New Zealand's vision to address climate change and create a clean and sustainable economy, the Crown Minerals (Petroleum) Amendment Act 2018 provides that no further offshore oil and gas exploration permits will be granted. In addition, the Amendment further limits the award of new petroleum exploration permits to the onshore Taranaki Region only.

3.64. In addition to private sector export finance, insurance, and guarantees, Swiss Export Risk Insurance (SERV), which is owned by the Swiss Confederation, provides protection against non payment, facilitates the financing of exports, and helps companies maintain their liquidity. (...) SERV operates under the Federal Law of 16 December 2005 on Swiss Export Risk Insurance (RS 946.10) and the Ordinance of 25 October 2006 on Swiss Export Risk Insurance (RS 946.101). As indicated in the previous Review, these provide that: (...) SERV should comply with foreign policy objectives concerning, inter alia, the environment, development, human rights, and democracy.

3.76. (...) Switzerland and Liechtenstein apply similar excise taxes on products causing a risk to human health or to the environment, which are collected at the border by the Swiss authorities. Since the last Review in 2017, there have been a few changes notably related to taxes levied for environmental reasons.

3.82. Switzerland and Liechtenstein: (...) Importers of motor vehicles that are registered for the first time must provide data on the vehicles' CO2 emissions to the authorities. If emissions are above the target limit for the vehicle's kind, importers must pay a fee of CHF 104 per additional gramme of CO2/km. [100]
[100] Modification of the ordinance on the reduction of CO2 emissions of 24 November 2021 (RO 2021 859).

3.83. Switzerland: Additional motor vehicle taxes can be levied by the cantons under their own rating scales, to incentivize the purchase of eco friendly vehicles and introduce higher rates for the most polluting ones. While not all cantons apply additional taxes or incentives, some offer large incentives for eco friendly vehicles, which can lead to a substantive change in the taxation of motor vehicles.

3.85. Switzerland and Liechtenstein: Biofuels, such as bioethanol or vegetable oils, can benefit from full tax relief if they meet environmental and social requirements. Biofuels must be traceable, and proof provided that their production was made on legally obtained land, respecting social norms, without altering the land, and that their production must be overall less harmful to the environment than mineral fuels. As per the customs union, these provisions also apply in Liechtenstein. To compensate tax losses due to tax reliefs on biofuels and to encourage the transition to "greener" fuels, the Federal Council decided in July 2020 to raise taxes on oil and diesel fuels, while maintaining a low tax burden on biofuels until the end of 2023. In 2020, biofuels represented 3.7% of total Swiss fuel consumption, unchanged from 2019.