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20. While hydrocarbons continue to be New Zealand's main source of primary energy and an important source of greenhouse gas emissions, energy efficiency is a high priority for the authorities. Several strategic plans, and an emission trading system, were put in place during the review period to achieve environmental targets at both domestic and international levels, including a goal to transition to net zero carbon emissions by 2050.

21. The manufacturing sector accounted for 10.7% of GDP and 8.6% of employment in 2019/20, and 17.8% of merchandise exports in 2021. The simple average applied MFN tariff in manufacturing was 2.3% in 2021 compared with 2.5% in 2015. The Government's main efforts seek to promote innovation, while limiting the sector's environmental footprint.

2.7. (...). The Ministry of Foreign Affairs and Trade (MFAT) is the main governmental entity responsible for advising the Government on the formulation and implementation of New Zealand's trade policy. The MFAT also leads all FTAs and WTO negotiations, and works in close coordination with the relevant technical agencies, such as the Ministry for Primary Industries and Ministry of Business, Innovation and Employment, to ensure that the country's trade policies support the Government's overall objective of achieving a productive, sustainable, and inclusive economy.

2.9. In March 2017, New Zealand launched the Trade Agenda 2030 to update its trade strategy and set its priorities for the next 30 years. This plan was superseded by the Trade for All Agenda, which was developed based on a wide public consultation process that took place in 2018 and on a report resulting from that exercise. (...). The findings and recommendations of the report include, inter alia, to: (...) (iii) promote the inclusion of provisions on the environment, labour, and gender in FTAs. (...). For the authorities, the goal is a trade policy that works alongside other government policies to support sustainable and inclusive economic development.

2.12. New Zealand, a founding Member of the WTO, is actively engaged in the work of the organization. During the review period, it continued to contribute to the activities of its committees, and participated in negotiations, monitoring functions, dispute settlements, and plurilateral initiatives. New Zealand also took leadership roles as chairs of WTO bodies, including the General Council in 2020, and promoted discussions on new issues as a co-sponsor of initiatives or proposals dealing with, for example, climate and the environment (e.g. fossil fuel subsidy reform); (...). New Zealand is part of the Friends of MSMEs group, and a founding member of the Friends of Fish group, comprising WTO Members seeking to complete negotiations on rules regarding fisheries subsidies. (...)

1.99. (...) Switzerland is mindful of a strong need to make trade work more and better for developing countries, in particular LDCs, and for sustainable development more generally in line with the UN 2030 Agenda. Switzerland will therefore actively pursue mutually supportive economic, social and environmental policies both at the domestic and global levels.

2.4. Liechtenstein: (...) the European Economic Area (EEA) Agreement covers cooperation in other areas, such as research and development, education, social policy, the environment, consumer protection, tourism, and culture.

2.24. Liechtenstein's agriculture is closely linked with Switzerland through the Customs Treaty due to which the Swiss Federal Law on Agriculture is applicable in Liechtenstein as well. Moreover, identical climate, relief, soil, topography, and structure of production, together with a common policy formulated by Switzerland for the customs union, have enhanced the similarities between the Liechtenstein and Swiss agriculture sectors. (...) Organic agriculture has developed strongly in recent years. About 39% of all of Liechtenstein's agricultural land is used to produce agricultural products that meet organic standards. 40% of all professional farmers in Liechtenstein are organic farmers. Organic farming has thus become an inherent part of agriculture in Liechtenstein. There are also 10 organic-certified food processors in Liechtenstein. Staple products such as milk and vegetables compose the backbone of the organic farming movement in Liechtenstein, which began 30 years ago. Liechtenstein's agricultural sector also plays an important role for the sustainable preservation of the characteristic landscape of hilly and mountainous areas, which make up two thirds of Liechtenstein's territory.

2.44. (...) Liechtenstein has (...) been a co-sponsor of the Trade and Environmental Sustainability Structured Discussions, including the Initiative on Fossil Fuels Subsidies Reform.

2.53. Liechtenstein: The Customs Treaty facilitated the bilateral cooperation far beyond its originally envisaged scope of application, in particular in the areas of (...) transport and environment.