Secretariat TPR |
WT/TPR/S/361 |
S-IV§68 |
Iceland |
2017 |
Sectors |
General environmental reference |
Energy |
Relevant information
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The unique geography and natural terrain provide Iceland with an unusual energy profile. Iceland is the world's largest green energy producer per capita and also has the world's highest share of renewable energy in any national total energy budget. Currently, hydro and geothermal sources supply almost all of Iceland's electricity and 85% of Iceland's total consumption of primary energy (Chart 4.6); the remainder comprises fossil fuels (refined oil), which are used entirely for transport and fisheries.
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Secretariat TPR |
WT/TPR/S/361 |
S-IV§69 |
Iceland |
2017 |
Sectors |
General environmental reference |
Energy |
Relevant information
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Hydropower is responsible for nearly three quarters of electricity generation, while the rest is produced through geothermal means. Around 80% of the electricity generated is consumed by the industrial sector (mainly aluminium); residential consumption is around 5%. Around 90% of space heating is through direct geothermal energy.
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Secretariat TPR |
WT/TPR/S/361 |
S-IV§72 |
Iceland |
2017 |
Sectors |
General environmental reference |
Energy |
Relevant information
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Companies owned by the State or municipalities dominate the electricity sector. Landsvirkjun, which is wholly state-owned, is the largest energy company in Iceland, providing approximately 75% of all the electricity produced in Iceland. Furthermore, Landsvirkjun is responsible for more than 96% of all hydro generation in Iceland, and its share in total geothermal electricity generation is around 11%.
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Secretariat TPR |
WT/TPR/S/361 |
S-IV§81 |
Iceland |
2017 |
Sectors |
General environmental reference |
Energy |
Relevant information
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At the time of the last review, the authorities were in the process of preparing a comprehensive energy strategy for 2020 that was to be released in 2012. The salient features of the strategy were: replacing fossil fuels with renewable energy; following an environmentally protective and precautionary approach in hydroelectric and geothermal energy production; supporting diversified industry with an emphasis on ecologically beneficial high-tech industry; sustainable utilization of all energy sources; and encouraging better energy utilization. The strategy was not concluded in 2012 as planned. The authorities stated that they are currently in the process of preparing a new comprehensive energy strategy, which they aim to publish in 2018.
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Keywords
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Renewable
Energy
Environment
Sustainable
Eco
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Secretariat TPR |
WT/TPR/S/361 |
S-IV§121 |
Iceland |
2017 |
Sectors |
Other measures |
Services |
Relevant information
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Iceland has ratified and incorporated into its laws and regulations most of the conventions and instruments adopted by the International Maritime Organisation (IMO), such as: (...) International Convention for the Prevention of Pollution from Ships (MARPOL); (...)
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Secretariat TPR |
WT/TPR/S/361 |
S-IV§127 |
Iceland |
2017 |
Sectors |
General environmental reference |
Services |
Relevant information
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[Context: 4.126. The main legislation governing the tourism sector is the Tourism Administration Act (Act No. 73/2005). The Act is administered by the Icelandic Tourist Board.]
The objective of the Act is to promote the development of tourism as an economic sector and an important facet of Icelandic economic and societal activity. The guiding principles are economic efficiency, Icelandic culture, environmental protection, professionalism, and the safeguarding of consumer interests.
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Secretariat TPR |
WT/TPR/S/361 |
S-IV§128 |
Iceland |
2017 |
Sectors |
General environmental reference |
Services |
Relevant information
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The Icelandic Tourist Board is an independent authority under the Ministry of Industries and Innovation. Under the provisions of the Act, the Icelandic Tourist Board is responsible for: (...) (ii) development, quality control, and organizational issues related to tourism; that is, the implementation of a defined tourism strategy, the co-ordination of environmental and educational affairs, the dissemination of information, regional and local development, and international collaboration; (...)
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Secretariat TPR |
WT/TPR/S/361 |
S-IV§129 |
Iceland |
2017 |
Sectors |
Grants and direct payments |
Services |
Relevant information
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(...) Additionally, under Commission Regulation (EC) No. 651/2014, on General Block Exemptions, state aid is permissible for certain categories; these include: (...) incentives as aid to environmental protection investment projects with a ceiling of €15 million. (...)
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Secretariat TPR |
WT/TPR/S/361 |
S-IV§130 |
Iceland |
2017 |
Sectors |
General environmental reference |
Services |
Relevant information
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Under the Government's growth plan (Iceland 2020), the tourism sector was specifically identified as a main growth sector. In this regard, parliament approved the Tourism Strategy 2011-2020, in 2011. Salient aims of the strategy are: (...)
• to enhance quality, professionalism, safety, and environment-awareness in the tourism sector [57]; (...)
[57] Initiatives in this respect include: annual measurements of tourist carrying capacity in popular tourist places provided by the University of Iceland and Icelandic Tourism Research Centre; "Vakinn", the quality and environmental system for Icelandic Tourism, was established by the Icelandic Tourist Board; the Centre for Qualifications in the Tourist Sector was established in 2016; a webpage Safetravel.is was launched in 2016; and a safety application (app) "112 Iceland" was also launched.
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Government TPR |
WT/TPR/G/359/REV.1 |
G-I§3 |
Jamaica |
2017 |
Trade Policy Framework |
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To facilitate Jamaica's further integration into the multilateral trading system, progress was made in key policy areas and strategies, including the launch of a National Aid for Trade Strategy in 2011; the implementation in 2015 of the National Export Strategy 2 (NES 2); reforming the trade facilitation regime; and the continued implementation of obligations under bilateral and regional trade agreements as well as under the World Trade Organization (WTO). Work also continued on the revision of the Foreign Trade Policy. To ensure an inclusive approach to trade policy formulation and implementation, these initiatives were mainstreamed into the national development plan, Vision 2030 Jamaica, which is aligned to the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs).
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