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Rwandan agriculture is still dominated by non-mechanized, rain-fed, subsistence farming. (...)Vulnerability to soil erosion, exacerbated by Rwanda's topography and exposure to periodic weather-related shocks, also remains a major limiting factor. (...)

(...)Local governments serve as the focal point for coordination of multi-sector responses to the needs of local communities. They are increasingly responsible for the delivery of key agricultural sector programmes, including(...)soil erosion control, (...)

Rwanda's agricultural policy aims to bring about a transformation of the sector from subsistence to knowledge-based production, resulting in sustainable economic growth and increased food security. (...)The scope of the updated policy document has been expanded to cover emerging issues, such as GMOs, (...)and organic agriculture. (...)

(...)The BDF continued to administer agricultural financing support schemes, including: credit lines; the second Rural Investment Facility (RIF2) providing grants for investments in post-harvest and climate-resilient facilities in six commodity value chains; (...)

During the period under review, Rwanda updated the legal and institutional framework for geology and mining (...)Implementing regulations were also enacted to clarify, inter alia, criteria and modalities for: guarantee of environmental protection, (...)

Other institutions responsible for certain aspects of subsoil resources management include: the RDB, facilitating investment projects and overseeing environmental impact assessments (EIAs); the Rwanda Environment Management Authority (REMA), setting environmental standards and carrying out environmental inspections; and MINICOM, issuing mineral trading licences.

(...)applications for an exploration licence must be accompanied by an environmental protection plan, whereas mining licence applicants must submit an approved mineral exploration report, an approved EIA, and a financial guarantee of environmental protection. Large-scale quarry licences also require an approved EIA and a financial guarantee of environmental protection. (...)

Biomass continues to dominate Rwanda's energy matrix, accounting for approximately 85% of domestic primary energy production in 2011-2018. (...)Rwanda has considerable untapped potential for energy production from several sources, including solar, hydropower, methane gas, and peat deposits.

Rwanda has undertaken limited GATS commitments on certain professional services (...)and sporting services in centres promoting eco tourism. (...)

The Rwandan road network is fully state-owned. Its maintenance costs are generally high, due to the mountainous terrain and rainfall-driven erosion. (...)