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Russia's reliance on round wood exports is apparently at the expense of moves towards diversification into value-added wood products, which could yield an increase in employment. In addition, focusing on value-added wood products could improve the sustainability of forest resource use by more efficiently using less-valued items such as branches and woodchips for paper, pulp, and wood-based panels. In turn this could raise revenues and contributions to GDP.

The Federal Agency for Fishery is the executive body responsible for oversight of fisheries and conservation of marine biological resources and their habitats, aquaculture, commercial fisheries, and navigational safety of the fishing fleet. The Ministry of Agriculture is responsible for state policy and legal regulation in the fisheries industry. Current policy concerning fishing is set out in Government Resolution No. 314 of 15 April 2014 on "development of fisheries".

The Russian Federation operates and enforces a total allowable catch (TAC) system. Each year catch quantities are established for particular species of aquatic biological resources in particular areas based on scientific data on reserves of that species. The TAC is assigned to specific enterprises or persons. In addition, the fishing seasons for some species may be limited and gear restrictions may also apply.

Foreign vessels fishing in marine areas under the sovereignty and jurisdiction of the Russian Federation are required to have an inspector from the Border Services of the Federal Security Service on board, in accordance with international treaties on fisheries and conservation of aquatic biological resources signed by the Russian Federation. [33] All fishing vessels are required to load, unload, and trans-ship aquatic biological resources or their products that were caught in the EEZ of the Russian Federation in the presence of an inspector of the Border Services of the Federal Security Service of the Russian Federation. A permit is required for all vessels fishing in areas under the sovereignty and jurisdiction of the Russian Federation, as well as all Russian fishing vessels, even if they are engaged in fishing on the high seas or in areas subject to international treaties.

[33] The Russian Federation is a party to several regional fisheries agreements including: the Commission for the Conservation of Antarctic Marine Living Resources, the Convention on the Conservation and Management of Pollock Resources in the Central Bering Sea, the International Commission for the Conservation of Atlantic Tunas, the International Council for the Exploration of the Sea, the International Whaling Commission, the Joint Norwegian-Russian Fisheries Commission, the North Atlantic Salmon Conservation Organization, the North Pacific Anadromous Fish Commission, the North Pacific Fisheries Commission, the North-East Atlantic Fisheries Commission, the Northwest Atlantic Fisheries Organization, the South Pacific Regional Fisheries Management Organisation, and the North Pacific Marine Science Organization.

In order to prevent illegal unregulated and unreported (IUU) fishing in the EEZ, the Government adopted a National Plan under Decree No. 2534-r of 25 December 2013 and a list of actions to implement the Plan in Government Decree No. 2661-r of 24 December 2015. Among the actions included in the Plan, is the improvement of control of circulation of imported and exported aquatic biological resources. Furthermore, as part of the Plan, a review is being carried out to enhance the criminal and administrative responsibilities for contraventions of laws and regulations related to fisheries and conservation of aquatic biological resources. Also as part of the National Plan, international cooperation to prevent IUU fishing and illegal circulation of aquatic biological resources is being enhanced and the Russian Federation has concluded bilateral agreements relating to IUU fishing with China, the Republic of Korea, Japan, the United States, and the People's Democratic Republic of Korea.

Under Government Resolution No. 314 of 15 April 2014, financial support was provided for the fisheries sector, including:
- Construction and reconstruction of fishing vessels (the measure is planned to run until 2018). From 2009 to 2015 this support measure amounted to Rub 141.6 million.
(...)

According to the notification to the WTO by the Russian Federation, support is provided to fishing organizations in the form of direct funding from the federal budget to compensate for spending on loans for construction and modernization of fishing vessels, fish processing infrastructure, and fisheries products storage facilities. The amount of support was Rub 233 million in 2013, and Rub 6 million in 2015.

A number of government agencies have responsibilities for different aspects of policy, legislation, and regulation of the minerals, energy, and hydrocarbons sub-sectors:
• The Ministry of Natural Resources and Environment is responsible for drafting and implementing government policy and legal regulation in the field of exploration, use, reproduction and protection of natural resources, including mineral resources:
o The Federal Agency for Mineral Resources has functions which include organizing the rational use of minerals and raw materials, geological studies and related data on the territory and continental shelf of the Russian Federation, granting licences for subsoil use and supervising compliance with these licences;
o The Federal Agency for Supervision of Natural Resources is responsible for, inter alia, compliance with environmental regulations;
• The Ministry of Energy is responsible for drafting and implementing government policy and legal regulation in areas including the electric power industry, oil production, oil processing, gas, fuel, peat and shale industries, major oil and gas pipelines, oil and gas products, renewable energy sources, development of hydrocarbon fields on the basis of production-sharing agreements, and the petrochemical industry;
• Having taken over the functions of the Federal Tariff Service in 2015, the Federal Antimonopoly Service (FAS) regulates natural monopolies and its responsibilities include setting tariffs for electricity, natural gas, and pipeline transportation (section 3.3.4);
• The Federal Service for Environmental, Technological, and Nuclear Supervision is responsible for drafting and implementing government policy and legal regulations relating to nuclear energy, as well as overseeing the safety of hydro-engineering structures, and the safe production, storage and use of industrial explosives.

Table 4.22 Energy production, 2014
Amounts in 2014 % of world
Hydro production 183 TWh 4.7
Nuclear electricity 173 TWh 7.0

(...) the Russian Federation has established the necessary production base for transition to fuels of environmental class K5, with capacity sufficient to meet domestic demand.