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Fuel and petroleum products produced or manufactured in Australia are subject to excise duties. The excise regime extends to crude oil and condensate; petroleum fuels such as petrol and diesel; gaseous fuels; biofuels; solvents; lubricants; and recycled fuel and fuel products.

Introduced in 2001, the Product Stewardship for Oil programme encourages oil recycling.[39] (...) The revenue generated by the levy is used to offset the costs of oil recyclers by granting them a benefit. The recycler must undertake the final processing stage, and use, or sell, the output for its end use.[41] The amount of benefit paid (per litre or kilogram) depends on the type of recycled output (eight end-product categories).[42]

[39] The Product Stewardship (Oil) Act, Act No. 102 of 2000, as amended, and the Product Stewardship (Oil) Regulations, 2000 set out the general framework for the levy-benefit system.
[41] The levy amounted to AUD 0.05449 per litre/kg prior to that date.
[42] The benefit is not paid for the stockpiling of recycled oil.

Levies and charges for biosecurity activities or emergency response purposes are directed to Plant Health Australia (PHA) or Animal Health Australia (AHA). PHA and AHA invest in biosecurity activities and emergency responses with industry through a deed arrangement. These arrangements are made at the request of agricultural, forestry and fisheries industries to fund shared industry priorities.

As Australia's frontline border law enforcement agency, the ABF assists in the implementation of various pieces of legislation that prohibit outright the importation of certain goods, restrict certain imports, and subject importation to the fulfilment of specific conditions. On its website, the ABF identifies approximately 60 instances of "prohibited" imports (Table 3.7). Many of these restrictions or conditional measures reflect concerns related to public health and safety, measures affecting the domestic production and marketing of identical, similar or like goods, or stem from Australia's participation in international agreements and arrangements to regulate trade in particular products, such as chemical weapons, radioactive and nuclear materials, hazardous waste, ozone-depleting substances and synthetic greenhouse gases, cultural heritage goods, or the cross-border movement of endangered animals and plant species (Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species - CITES ). The conditions applicable to CITES-related imports are distinct from biosafety and quarantine regulations enforced as sanitary and phytosanitary measures (...).

Australia replies to the WTO questionnaire on import licensing procedures on a regular basis. The 2018 submission provided details of many of the restrictions on items enumerated in Table 3.7. In addition, information was provided on the licensing procedures employed to administer Australia's annual tariff quota on cheese and curd; import approvals for new and used motor vehicles; imports into Antarctica, the Heard Island and the McDonald Islands; and the regulation of genetically modified organisms (GMOs) in Australia. In most cases, a licence is necessary for commercial dealings with a GMO.

Australia's export controls reflect a number of factors, notably international commitments it undertook regarding the (...) the protection of endangered animals and plants (Table 3.11).

Support under the notified non-agricultural schemes are mainly delivered by means of grants. Other forms of non-agricultural subsidies include funding agreements; concessional loans; tax waivers; duty concessions; payroll tax rebates; rental assistance; and vouchers. Support was provided to environmental protection; (...)

The NATA and the JAS-ANZ are guided by international standards, including: (...) ISO 14001 (Environmental Management);

The main development in the area of sanitary and phytosanitary measures in Australia in the period under review was the entry into force of the Biosecurity Act, 2015, replacing the Quarantine Act, 1908, on 16 June 2016.[85] (...) The Act is flexible by design to respond to changes in technology, biosecurity challenges, and the need for more adaptability to increasing passenger traffic and trade. As at November 2019, 117 legal instruments related to biosecurity had been issued, in addition to the Act itself and the two basic regulations (the Biosecurity Regulations, 2016 and the Biosecurity (Human Health) Regulations, 2016). Most of these legal instruments were determinations of first point of entry, i.e. goods that may, or may not, enter a specific location in Australia.

[85] Australia notified its draft biosecurity legislation to the WTO in 2012. See WTO document G/SPS/N/AUS/298, 9 July 2012 and its addenda 1 to 3, supplemented by WTO document G/SPS/N/AUS/298/Add.4, 2 December 2014.

The Biosecurity Act, 2015 was amended in 2018 (...) the main purposes of the amendments were to introduce new arrangements regarding the collection of information on the monitoring of, control of, and response to, biosecurity risks within Australia; (...)