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(...) Traditionally, federal assistance programmes have been in the form of grants, tax concessions, loan guarantees, and direct payments; they are listed in the Catalog of Federal Domestic Assistance (CFDA), and are mostly related to public health and safety, the environment, education, infrastructure, community assistance, and research and development.

The Republic of North Macedonia is a party to: the Energy Charter Treaty; the Energy Community; the Agreement of the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change, including the Kyoto Protocol, and the Paris Agreement. In addition, the energy policy is geared at transposing the EU energy acquis in terms not only of liberalization but also of energy security, energy efficiency and environmental objectives.

Article 187 of the Customs Act provides for general exemptions from customs duties and taxes for forestry among others

The issuance of a non-automatic licence for endangered species covered by the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (CITES) is subject to a permit from the Ministry of Environment and Tourism.

All environmental management standards introduced between 2005 and 2009 were harmonized with existing international ones

Criteria used for evaluating the bids may include, inter alia, the environmental protection performance.

Exporters are entitled to VAT rebates. The rebate rates vary according to the product. (…) Certain goods are not eligible for a rebate. [51] (...) while endangered animals and plants may not benefit from any rebate. According to the authorities, the management of the VAT rebate is used to contribute to environmental protection, energy saving and emission reduction. Thus, rebates are used to discourage the production and export of environment-polluting products. (...)

[51] Products not subject to VAT rebate include: high-energy-consuming products, high-polluting products, and those related to the use of resources; and endangered species of fauna and flora.