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2.14. Recent developments in the Russian Federation's trade policy have been closely related to the pursuit of industrial policy. Federal Law No. 488-FZ of 31 December 2014 on the Industrial Policy in the Russian Federation defines the purposes of industrial policy as follows: (...) (iv) encouragement of the subjects of activity in the industrial sector to utilize material, financial, labour, and natural resources efficiently and effectively, to provide for the increase in labour productivity, and the introduction of import-substitutable, resource-saving, and ecologically safe technologies; (...)

2.22. The Russian Federation has participated in 17 trade disputes: 8 as complainant and 9 as respondent. [47] (...).

[47] The nine cases are: (...) Russian Federation – Recycling Fee on Motor Vehicles (DS463), and Russian Federation – Recycling Fee on Motor Vehicles (DS462).

3.37. The EAEU NTMs are set out in a "Single List", which entered into force on 1 January 2010 and has been amended a number of times. As at June 2021, the Single List comprised 7 items prohibited for importation and 15 restricted items that were subject to (non-automatic) import licensing. Many of the NTMs in place implemented obligations undertaken under international conventions, such as CITES, the Stockholm Convention, and the Basel Convention, while others reflected national or regional interests. Most NTMs were of a permanent nature

3.55. Export duties in respect of third countries are applied under Law No. 5003-I of 21 May 1993 on Customs Tariffs and implementing regulations on raw materials and semi-finished goods, mainly for fiscal purposes. (...) Export duties on waste and scrap are imposed to address environmental protection problems. (...).

3.61. (...) In addition, exports to trade third countries may also be subjected to one of the non-tariff regulatory measures based on more general exceptions. [63] EAEU measures applied pursuant to these provisions to exports to third countries are included on the Single List of goods, which entered into force on 1 January 2010 and has been amended a number of times. (...).

[63] The general exceptions listed in Annex 7 allow for measures: (i) necessary to maintain public morals or law and order; (ii) necessary to protect life human life or health, the environment, and the life or health of animals and plants; (...) and (ix) necessary to ensure the (...) preservation of environment,(...).

3.70. At the federal level, the state corporation VEB.RF (formerly Vnesheconombank) is the principal development institution involved in export support, although it is not its main activity. (...) VEB.RF aims to improve the quality of life of the Russian people through facilitating financing for infrastructure, technology, ecological, and social welfare projects. (...).

3.87. In addition to SEZs, there are regional schemes: the Skolkovo Innovation Center (SIC) , the Vladivostok Free Port , territorial development zones , and the Far Eastern Federal District. The SIC hosts research work in the areas of energy efficient technologies, (...).

3.117. (...) The Federal Service for Veterinary and Phytosanitary Surveillance (Rosselkhoznadzor) under the Ministry of Agriculture remains responsible for implementing and enforcing EAEU and domestic measures related to plant and animal health. The remit of Rosselkhoznadzor also comprises (...) genetically modified organisms, (...).

3.141. The Federal Antimonopoly Service (FAS) is the federal executive body responsible for price regulation, control, and monitoring of several goods and services markets. Other sub-federal bodies also carry out price regulation functions. Prices are regulated, inter alia, in the following areas: electric energy (...); and solid domestic waste management.

3.170. In evaluating offers, consideration is given to criteria such as price; expenses for operation and repair of the procured products; qualitative, functional, and ecological characteristics of the procured products; (...).